Topics
• I/O Devices
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Types of Memory Devices
• Memory Units
• RAM & ROM
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I/O Devices
• Provide means of communication between a
computer and outer world
• Also known as peripheral devices because they
surround the CPU and memory of a computer system
• Input devices are used to enter data from the
outside world into primary storage
• Output devices supply results of processing from
primary storage to users
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Input Devices
Input device
• Providing data or instruction to a computer are
called input.
• An input device is a device which is used to enter
data or instructions into a computer.
• Example: Keyboard, Keypad, Mouse, Touchpad,
Scanner, Digital camera, Joystick etc.
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Some Input Devices
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Output Devices
Output device
• The information we get from the computer is known
as output.
• Output is given through output devices.
• Ex.: Monitor, Graphic Plotter, Printer etc.
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Some Output Devices
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Input Device (Keyboard)
Keyboard
• Keyboard is the most common and very popular
input device which helps in inputting data to the
computer.
• The keys on the keyboard are as follows:
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Keyboard Key Organization
Typing Keys: These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit
keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
Numeric Keypad: It is used to enter numeric data. Generally, it
consists of a set of 17 keys.
Function Keys: The twelve function keys are present on the
keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard.
Control keys: These keys provide cursor and screen control. It
includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include
Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
Special Purpose Keys: Keyboard also contains some special
purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar,
Tab, and Print Screen.
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Output Devices (Monitor)
• Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
• They are the main output device of a computer.
• It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are
arranged in a rectangular form.
• There are two kinds of viewing screen used for
monitors:
1. Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
2. Flat-Panel Display
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Storage Devices
Computer memory is the storage space in computer where
data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored.
A storage device is a hardware device designed to store
information.
The memory is divided into large number of small parts called
cells.
Memory is primarily of three types:
Primary Memory/Main Memory
Secondary Memory/Storage/Hard Disk
Cache Memory
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Primary Memory
• Primary memory holds only those data and
instructions on which computer is currently
working. It has faster access time with limited
capacity and data is lost when power is lost.
Characteristics of Main Memory
• These are semiconductor memories
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• Computer operates on data from primary memory
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without primary memory.
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Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external
memory or non-volatile memory. It is slower than
main memory. These are used for storing
data/Information permanently. For example : Hard
disk, CD, DVD etc.
Characteristic of Secondary Memory
These are magnetic and optical memories
It is non-volatile memory.
Data is preserved even if power is switched off.
It is used for storage of data in a computer.
Computer may run without secondary memory.
Slower than primary memories.
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Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which
can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main
memory.
Advantages
•Cache memory is faster than main memory.
•It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
•It stores the data that are frequently accessed by computer.
•It stores data for short period of time.
Disadvantages
•Cache memory has limited capacity.
•It is very expensive.
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Memory Unit
Memory unit is:
The measure of amount of data that can be stored in a storage unit.
In other words, it is a measure of capacity of storage devices.
Following are the main memory storage units:
Bit: A bit is the amount of memory which can store a binary digit. A
binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state
of a component in an electric circuit.
Byte: A group of 8 bits is called a byte. A byte is the unit which can
represent a character.
Word: A word is a working memory unit of a computer. Nowadays, a
memory word consists 32 bits or 64 bits.
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Memory Unit
Few higher storage units are following:
Kilobyte (KB)1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB)1 MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB)1 GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB1 TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB)1 PB = 1024 TB
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RAM
RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the
CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is
read/write memory which stores data until the machine is
working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is
erased.
Types of RAM
1. Static RAM (SRAM)
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
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ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we
can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-
volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories
during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are
required to start a computer.
Types of ROM
•Manufacturer-programmed ROM
•Programmable ROM (PROM)
•Erasable PROM (EPROM)
•Ultra Violet EPROM (UVEPROM)
•Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
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Types of ROM
Manufacturer-programmed ROM
Data is burnt by the manufacturer of the electronic equipment in which it is
used.
Programmable ROM (PROM)
The user can load and store “read-only” programs and data in it.
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
The user can erase information stored in it and the chip can be
reprogrammed to store new information.
Ultra Violet EPROM (UVEPROM)
A type of EPROM chip in which the stored information is erased by exposing
the chip for some time to ultra-violet light.
Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
A type of EPROM chip in which the stored information is erased by using
high voltage electric pulses.
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Diff. between RAM and ROM
RAM ROM
1. RAM stands for Random 1. ROM stands for Read Only
Access Memory Memory
2. User can read or write into it 2. User can only read from it
3. For any type of processing, 3. Manufacturer stores
user must store program and instruction for staring a
data into RAM computer into the ROM
permanently
4. Temporary or volatile memory 4. Permanent or non-volatile
memory
5. Types: DRAM, SRAM 5. Types: PROM, EPROM,.. etc.
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Thank You
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