Wet Processing-I
Dyeing
Dyeing
Dyeing: Dyeing is a distribution process in
which the dye or pigment is distributed at
least two phases or phase systems i.e, the
dye/pigment bath or solution and the
textile material. Dyes/Pigments are
generally coloring materials for dyeing
operation. There are various types of dyes
and pigments for coloration of textiles.
Points considered for dyeing:
1.Raw materials:
3.Chemicals:
Cellulose fiber-Cotton
Acids
Protein fiber- Silk,
Alkalis
wool
Salts
Synthetic fiber-
Oxidizing agents
Polyester, Nylon,
Reducing agents
acrylic
4.Auxiliaries:
2.Dyes/Pigments:
Wetting agents
Dyes-Water soluble
Levelling agents
Water insoluble
Antifoaming agents
Pigments- Water
Anticreasing agents
insoluble
TANIA AKTEK 4
5
5.Dyeing machines:
Jigger dyeing machines (Woven)(fabric in open
width form)
Winch dyeing machines (Knitted) Fabric in rope
form
Jet dyeing Machines (Knitted/woven)
7.Utilities:
Air, Electricity, Gas, Compressed air.
TANIA AKTEK 6
Jigger dyeing machine
Winch dyeing machine
Jet dyeing machine
Some important term related to dyeing:
1.Shade %:Shade is expressed in percentage of dye
amount in unit weight of fabric.
Depth of color
Light shade-<O.5% owm(On the weight of Material)
Medium shade- 0.5%-1.5% owm
Deep shade-More than 1.5%
2.Substantivity: The natural attraction between
dyestuff & fiber to combine together is called
substantivity.
10
3.Affinity: The chemical attraction between
dyestuff & fiber to combine together due to
influence of heat or temperature is called affinity.
Dyeing is performed for the affinity of dye and
fiber.
3.Adsorption: When dye molecules come to the
surface of the fiber ,it is called adsorption.
4.Sorption:When dye molecules penetrate into the
fiber ,it is called sorption.
5.Desorption: The process by which the dye
molecules come out from the inner side of the
textile materials in particular condition is called
desorption.
6.Exhaustion:When three process(Adsorption,
desorption, sorption) is completed, total dye molecules
enter into fiber then it is called exhaustion. Or A
proportion of the dye take up by the fiber at the end of
the process relative to the amount originally available is
called exhaustion%.
Dye bath
Initial dye bath Concentration after
concentration dyeing
Exhaustion %= X100
Initial dye bath
concentration
12
Fixation: After finishing all processes of dyeing the
amount of dyes that remain with the fiber is called
fixation.
Fixation=Exhaustion-(Washing loss + Soaping loss +
Other loss)
= 80% - 10%
=70%
TANIA AKTEK 13
The influence of rate of flow of dyeing liquor during the dyeing process:
Stage 1 – dyeing begins
Stage 2 – initial dye adsorption at the fibre surface
Stage 3 – diffusion of dye into the fibre (the rate of
diffusion depends on the concentration at the
surface)
Stage 4 – the ideal end-point of completely uniform
dye distribution
Dyeing faults
1. Uneven dyeing
2. Batch to batch shade variation
3. Patchy dyeing effect
4. Roll to roll variation or meter to meter
variation
5.Crease mark /Wrinkle mark
6. Dye spot
7. Softener mark.
Some Brand name & origin of dyes/Global
Manufacturer of dyes:
