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Sensors and Transducers

Sensors and transducers are important for instrumentation and electrical engineering. A sensor converts a non-electrical physical quantity, such as temperature, pressure, or light, into an electrical signal through a change in resistance, capacitance, inductance, or other electrical properties. Common sensors include resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, piezoelectric sensors, capacitive hygrometers, and ultrasonic flow meters. A transducer is a sensor combined with additional circuitry to condition the sensor output into a standardized electrical signal. Transducers can be classified as active or passive, and primary or secondary depending on whether they are self-generating and whether they directly detect a physical quantity or detect the

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103 views17 pages

Sensors and Transducers

Sensors and transducers are important for instrumentation and electrical engineering. A sensor converts a non-electrical physical quantity, such as temperature, pressure, or light, into an electrical signal through a change in resistance, capacitance, inductance, or other electrical properties. Common sensors include resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, piezoelectric sensors, capacitive hygrometers, and ultrasonic flow meters. A transducer is a sensor combined with additional circuitry to condition the sensor output into a standardized electrical signal. Transducers can be classified as active or passive, and primary or secondary depending on whether they are self-generating and whether they directly detect a physical quantity or detect the

Uploaded by

Lee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

NEEDS

• it is important for branch of instrumentation engineering


• It also important in electrical and electronic engineering
SENSOR

A sensor is basically a device that converts physical quantity to electrical form or


converts none electrical quantities into electrical environment.

Non electrical/physical Electrical Equivalent


Quantity SENSOR
form
PHYSICAL QUANTITY

• The physical quantities can be temperature, pressure, force, motion, and


displacement humidity, light flow, etc...
• These physical quantity are converted into electrical form and are changed in
resistance, capacitance, inductance and other more.
• These are then converted into voltage current signal / current signals within a
specified range by the sensor for measurement purposes. So then we tend to
use microprocessors for further analysis.
SOME EXAMPLE OF COMMONLY USED
SENSORS

Resistance temperature detection sensors(RTD)


Temperature sensors

Temparature Change Resistance change


RTD

We need to connect this into a signal conditioning circuit to convert it on a voltage


SOME EXAMPLE OF COMMONLY USED
SENSORS

Resistance temperature detection sensors(RTD)


Temperature sensors

Temparature Change voltage change


Thermocouple sensors
SOME EXAMPLE OF COMMONLY USED
SENSORS

Piezoelectric sensors: Pressure sensors

Pressure Voltage
Piezoelectric
SOME EXAMPLE OF COMMONLY USED
SENSORS

Capacitive Hygrometer: humidity sensor

Capacitance
Humidity/ Moisture
Capacitive Hygrometer Change
SOME EXAMPLE OF COMMONLY USED
SENSORS

Ultrasonic Flow Meter: Flow Sensor

Fluid Flow/ Velocity Frequency Change


Ultrasonic Flow Meter

In this case, it operates in the laplace shift phenomenon


ANALOGUE & DIGITAL SENSORS:

• Analog Sensors: The sensor that produces continuous signal with respect to time with analog
output is called as Analog sensors. The analog output generated is proportional to the measured or
the input given to the system. Generally, analog voltage in the range of 0 to 5 V or current is
produced as the output. The various physical parameters like temperature, stress, pressure,
displacement, etc. are examples for continuous signals.

• ▶ Digital Sensors: When data is converted and transmitted digitally, it is called as Digital sensors.
Digital sensors produce discrete output signals. Discrete signals will be non- continuous with time
and it can be represented in “bits” for serial transmission and in “bytes” for parallel transmission.
Digital output can be in form of Logic 1 or Logic 0 (ON or OFF). A digital sensor consists of sensor,
cable and a transmitter. The measured signal is converted into a digital signal inside the sensor itself
without any external component. Cable is used for long distance transmission.
WHAT IS A TRANSDUCER? AND HOW IS
IT DIFFERENT FROM A SENSOR?

• A sensor used in conjunction with signal conditioning is called a transducer.


• Signal conditioning circuit performs:
1. Amplification
2. Filtering
3. Frequency response matching
4. Grounding/isolation
TRANSDUCER

Input Sensor + Signal


Output Signal
Signal Conditioning

Additional Signal Conditioning circuit is used to provide output in standard electrical form.
0-10V DC, -10to10V DC, 0-20mA, 0-25mA
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

Active
Transducers

Electrical Transducer

Passive
Transducers
ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS

• They are self generating devices operating under energy conversion principles
• They produce an ouput in the form of electric potential or current.
• They do not require an external energizing source.

Ex. Thermocouple, Piezoelectric, pyroelectric transducer


PASSIVE TRANSDUCER

• They are not self generating type operating under energy controlling principles.
• They produce an output in the form of change in resistance, inductance or
capacitance
• They require an external energizing source.
Ex. RTD, Thermistor, Potentiometer
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

Primary
Transducers

Transducer

Secondary
Transducers
PRIMARY TRANSDUCERS AND
SECONDARY TRANSDUCERS

Primary transducers converts physical quantities into mechanical motion and


displacement

Secondary transducers converts physical quantities into electrical signal such as


voltage, current, resistance, inductance, capacitance change.

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