RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
By ELIAS D.
07/18/2023 1
Learning Objectives
At the end of the chapter, the student should be able
to:
Define the respiratory system
Differentiate between external and internal
respiration
Name all of the structures of the respiratory system
Explain the mechanism for the pulmonary
ventilation
List and define five breathing volumes
Describe regulation respiration
List some common respiratory diseases
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Definitions: is the system that brings oxygen into the
body and removes carbon dioxide and other
gases(breathing/respiration).
Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air (O2)
Expiration- the process of blowing out air (CO2)
Respiration can be classified as
External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood
(what can be exposed to the outside of the body)
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and
tissues (what cannot be exposed to the outside of the body)
Cellular respiration: oxygen used to produce ATP (energy)
and carbon dioxide
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Cont………..
General Functions of the
Respiratory System is :-
Air Distributor
Gas exchanger
Filters, warms, and humidifies air
Influences speech
Allows for sense of smell
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Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
warms, moistens, & filters air as it is
nose / nasal cavity
inhaled
passageway for food and air-leads to
pharynx (throat)
trachea
the voice box, where vocal chords are
larynx
located
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called
trachea (windpipe)
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs(larynx to bronchi)
two branches at the end of the trachea,
bronchi
each lead to a lung
a network of smaller branches leading
bronchioles from the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs
the functional respiratory units in the lung
alveoli
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where gases are exchanged 5
Divisions of the Respiratory System
1. Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
• located between the roof of the mouth and the
cranium,
• are the two spaces known as the nasal cavities.
• These two spaces are separated from each other by
a partition called nasal septum.
Sinuses
– These are air-filled spaces within the skull bones
– Serve to reduce weight of the skull and give your
voice a certain tone
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Cont………
Pharynx
• carries air into the respiratory tract and foods and
liquids into the digestive system.
• The Upper portion located immediately behind the
nasal cavity is called the nasopharynx ,
• The middle section located behind the mouth is
called the oropharynx, and the lowest portion is
called the laryngeal pharynx.
• This last section opens into the larynx toward the
front and into the oesophagus toward the back.
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Cont………
Larynx
• is located between the pharynx and the trachea.
• It has a framework of cartilage that protrudes in the front of the
neck and some times is referred to as the Adam’s apple.
• The larynx is considerably larger in the male than in the female;
hence, the Adam’s apple is much more prominent in the male.
• At the upper end of the larynx are the vocal cords, which serve in
the production of speech.
• A difference in the size of the larynx is what accounts for the
difference between the male and female voices; because a man’s
larynx is larger than a woman’s, his voice is lower in pitch.
• The nasal cavities, the sinuses, and the pharynx all serve as
resonating chambers for speech,
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Components of upper respiratory tract
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Function of Upper Respiratory
Tract
Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger
foreign material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice (voice
box)
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Divisions of the Respiratory System(Cont…….)
2.Lower respiratory tract (within thorax)
Trachea
• is a tube that extends from the lower edge of the larynx to the upper part
of the chest above the heart.
• It has a framework of cartilages to keep it open.
• These cartilages, shaped somewhat like a tiny horseshoe or the letter C,
are found along the entire length of the trachea.
• All the open sections of these cartilages are at the back so that the
esophagus can bulge into this section during swallowing.
• The purpose of the trachea is to conduct air between the larynx and the
lungs.
Bronchial Tree
• Includes Bronchi and Bronchioles
• The right bronchus is considerably larger in diameter than
the left and extends downward in a more vertical direction.
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Cont………
• Therefore, if a foreign body is inhaled, it is likely to enter the
right lung.
• Each bronchus enters the lung at a notch or depression
called the hilus or hilum.
• The blood vessels and nerves also connect with the lung in
this region.
• The bronchi subdivide again and again, forming progressively smaller
divisions called bronchioles
• At the end of each of the smallest subdivisions of the
bronchial tree there is the millions of sacs called alveolus,
which is the place where gas exchange take place.
Lungs
• Are the organs in which external respiration takes
• Are two in number(right and left) which are located on each side
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Cont…..
Are Extend from diaphragm to clavicles
Are cone-shaped organs
Divided into lobes by fissures:-
-Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two
lobes
The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the
pleura
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Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3
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Functions of lower respiratory tract
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes
food and air appropriately, assists in sound
production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange
Alveoli: Gas exchange occurs
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Components of Respiratory system
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Exchange of gases (ventilation)
• Ventilation:- the movement of air into and out of the
lungs, as in breathing.
• There are two phases of ventilation
1. Inhalation is the drawing of air into the lungs
It is characterized by:
increase size in thorax
Chest expand
Diaphragm contract and flattened
Intercostals muscles contract
Sternum riased
Abdominal muscle relaxed
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Cont…………..
2.Exhalation is the expulsion of air from the lungs
It is characterized by:
decrease size in thorax
Chest relax
Diaphragm relax
Intercostals muscles relax
Sternum lowered
Abdominal muscle contracted
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Comparation b/n the two phases
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Respiratory volumes
Tidal volume; The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed
breathing
Average value- 500 cc
Vital capacity: The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by
maximum exhalation following maximum inhalation
Average value- 4800 cc
Residual volume: The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum
exhalation
Average value- 1200 cc
Total lung capacity-The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs
after maximum inhalation
Average value -6000 cc
Functional residual capacity: The amount of air remaining in the lungs after
normal exhalation
Average value -2400
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•
Regulation of respiration
Regulation of respiration depends primarily on the respiratory control
centers located in the medulla and pons of the brain stem.
• Nerve impulses from the medulla are modified by the centers in the
pons.
• Respiration is regulated so that the levels of oxygen, corbon
• dioxide, and acid are kept within certain limits.
• The control centers regulate the rate, depth, and rhythm of
respiration.
• From the respiratory center in the medulla, motor nerve fibers extend
into the spinal cord.
• From the cervical (neck) part of the cord, these nerve fibers continue
through the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm.
• The diaphragm and the other muscles of respiration are voluntary in
the sense that they can be regulated by messages from the higher brain
centers, notably the cortex.
• It is possible for a person to deliberately breath more rapidly or more
slowly or to hold his breath and not breath at all for a time.
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Cont…….
• The chemoreceptors are found in structures called the carotid and
aortic bodies, as well as out side the medulla of the brain stem.
• The carotid bodies are located near the bifurcation of the common
carotid arteries, while the aortic bodies are located in the aortic arch.
• These bodies contain many small blood vessels and sensory
neurons, which are sensitive to decreases in oxygen supply as well as
to increases in carbon dioxide and acidity (H+).
• Impulses are sent to the brain from the receptors in the carotid and
aortic bodies.
• The receptor cells outside the medulla are affected by the
concentration of hydrogen ion in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as
determined by the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory
System
asthma
• A severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of
bronchioles
bronchitis
• Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles
emphysema
• A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose
their elasticity
pneumonia
• Caused by the bacteria, pneumococcus. A condition in which the
alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases
lung cancer
• An irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue
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Cont………
Sinusitis
Causes
• Bacteria, blockage of sinus openings
Signs and Symptoms
• Fever, cough, sore thro at, facial pain, nasal decongestion
Treatment
• Nasal decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, antibiotics
Tuberculosis
Causes
• Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Signs and Symptoms
• Cough lasting >3 weeks, fever or chills, weight loss, night sweats, pain when breathing
Treatment
• TB testing, Drug therapy
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THANK YOU
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