Methods of Philosophizing
Intended
Learning
Outcome
3
Distinguish opinion from truth.
Analyze situations that show the
INTENDED
difference between opinion and truth.
LEARNING
OUTCOME
Realize that the methods of philosophy
lead to wisdom and truth.
Evaluate opinions
“The problem of truth is in a way its
easy to state: what truths are, and what
“ makes them true. But this simple
statement masks a great controversy.”
5
TRUTH VS OPINION
It is a reasonable measure of the correctness of
a statement, idea, or a belief.
It can be justified thru one's perception, senses
or reasoning.
8
Self is the union of
elements, namely: body,
TRUTH thoughts, feelings or
“Power” refers to the
emotions, and sensations
ability to achieve that constitute the
certain ends, individuality and identity
“Authority” refers to of a person
the right exercise of
power”
Philosophy
The temperature is is the
45 degrees ultimate
Celsius. quest for
truth
It is a subjective statement that expresses
certain views and beliefs. It is something you
believe to be true but might not be.
It is a judgement, viewpoint, or statement that
rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete
certainty which makes it NOT conclusive.
10
Philippines is the ABS-CBN is better
worst country in Asia. than GMA.
OPINION Crab-mentality
common trait among
is
Filipinos. Thus, they
don’t progress as a
nation.
Filipino hospitality
is the best among
all other countries.
Rodrigo Duterte is the best Best smiles and
President I’ve ever known. genuine
He’s one of the most relationships are
influential politicians in the found here.
world. He’s perfect and real.
OPINION TRUTH
OPINIO Subjective Objective
N Interprets Reality States Reality
VS Can NOT be
verified
Can be verified
TRUTH Presented with
Presented with
unbiased words
value of words
Theories of Truth
Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Constructivist Theory
Consensus Theory
Pragmatic Theory
Correspondence
Theory
It states that something is true if it
corresponds to reality or the actual
state of affairs.
This theory assumes a direct
Ex. Dog barks. relationship between an idea and
Pigs fly. reality and that a statement can be
taken as "FACT.“
14
Coherence
Theory
It proposes that something is
true if it makes sense when
placed in a certain situation or
context.
Ex. Democratic society An idea or statement is true
only supports democratic because it has a certain
laws. degree of consistency which
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renders it truthful.
Constructivist
Theory
Knowledge is shaped by special
forces and influenced by culture and
“
history.
Knowedge is gained as a part of social
experience and requires interaction
and collaboration. What is true is
shaped by his society and culture.
Ex. The View Towards Marriage
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Consensus
Theory
It views knowledge as
based on AGREEMENT.
Something is true if almost
everyone agrees that it is
true.
17
Pragmatic
Theory
It holds the view that
something is true if we can put
it into practice or is useful in
real life.
18
Ideas must be verified
using senses or
experience.
(VERIFICATIONISM)
19
Points to remember
◇ These theories ◇ However, not one
provide us varied of these theories
perspectives in can really claim
analyzing truth. to be the most
accurate
measure of truth.
20
“In determining the validity and
reliability of ideas, statements, and
“
claims, we need to use a combination
of these theories to arrive at a reliable
assesstment of what is truth.”
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FALLACIES
an idea that a lot of people think is true
but is in fact false
an argument may be based on faulty
reasoning
against the person
(argumentum ad hominem)
attaking the person making the
arguement instead of the
arguement itself
“Of course, he believe that the
government is flawed. he is a
rebel and Communist”
appeal to force ( argumentum ad
baculum)
using the threat of force or an
underirable event to advance
an arguement
“If this peace agreement will not
be signed by the government,
then we will have no recourse
but to go to wars.”
appeal to emotion/ pity
(argumentum ad misericordiam)
using emotion such as pity or
sympathy
“all these charges are baseless,
this is just plain harassment-
can't you see how this is
affecting my family?
appeal to people
(argumentum ad populom)
the idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of
people accept it
“Every boy at your age
already has a girlfriend, you
should go and find one!”
appeal to tradition
argumentum ad antiquitatem
the idea is acceptable because it
has been true for a long time
“marriage should be between a
man a woman. it has been so
for a long time in this country: it
should remain so today and in
the future”
begging the question
petitio principii
assuming the thing or idea to be
proven is true, also known a
“circular argument”
“I have the right to free speech,
therefore you cannot stop me
from talking”
cause and effect
cum hoc ergo propter hoc
assuming a “cause and effect”
relationship between unrelated
events
“ever since you bought that
sweater everything has been
going wrong in your life. you
should get rid of it.”
fallacy of composition
assuming that wahat is true for a
part is true for the whole
“these case of robberies in this didtrict
have convinced me that the city has
become a den of theives and
criminals”
fallacy of division
assuming that what is true for the
whole is true for its part
“ you come from a family of
doctors and intellectuals! Surely
ypu can do better in this
course”
