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Lecture Note 11

The document discusses the handshaking theorem and its applications. It contains examples of graphs and proofs related to the theorem. The handshaking theorem states that the number of edges in an undirected graph is equal to half the sum of the degrees of the vertices. It provides examples to illustrate how this can be used to determine whether a particular graph configuration is possible.

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407 views7 pages

Lecture Note 11

The document discusses the handshaking theorem and its applications. It contains examples of graphs and proofs related to the theorem. The handshaking theorem states that the number of edges in an undirected graph is equal to half the sum of the degrees of the vertices. It provides examples to illustrate how this can be used to determine whether a particular graph configuration is possible.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Osama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Handshaking Theorem

e1 e6
1 e2 2

e3 e4 e5 e7
3 4

There are two ways to count the number of edges in


the above graph:
1. Just count the set of edges: 7
2. Count seeming edges vertex by vertex and
divide by 2 because double-counted edges:
( deg(1)+deg(2)+deg(3)+deg(4) )/2 =
(3+7+2+2)/2 = 14/2 = 7
1
Handshaking Theorem
THM: In an undirected graph
1
| E |   deg(e)
2 eE
In a directed graph
|E|   deg
eE

(e)   deg
eE

( e)

Q: In a party of 5 people can each person be


friends with exactly three others?
2
Handshaking Theorem
A: Imagine a simple graph with 5 people as
vertices and edges being undirected edges
between friends (simple graph assuming
friendship is symmetric and irreflexive).
Number of friends each person has is the
degree of the person.
Handshaking would imply that
|E | = (sum of degrees)/2 or
2|E | = (sum of degrees) = (5·3) = 15.
Impossible as 15 is not even. In general:
3
Handshaking Theorem
Lemma: The number of vertices of odd degree
must be even in an undirected graph.
Proof : Otherwise would have
2|E | = Sum of even no.’s
+ an odd number of odd no.’s
even = even + odd
–this is impossible. 

4
Example of Handshaking Theorem
• Draw a graph with 4 edges and 4 vertices , having degrees
1,2,3,4.
• Solution: No such graph exists. The sum of the degrees of
all the vertices should be equal to twice the number of
edges. Half of the sum of the degrees is 5, which is not
equal to actual number of edges required in the question
(4).
• (1+2+3+4)/2 = 5, 5 =/= 4.

5
Theorem: Every graph with n vertices and k edges has
at least n-k components

Proof:
– An n-vertex graph with no edges has n
components
– Each edge added reduces this by at most 1
– If k edges are added, then the number of
components is at least n - k

6
Theorem: Every graph with n vertices and k edges has
at least n-k components

• Examples:

n =2, k =1, n =3, k =2, n =6, k =3, n =6, k =3,


1 component 1 component 3 components 4 components

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