Computer Applications in

Presentation and Analysis of

Business Data

1
Enterprises use various
digital technologies to obtain
a data-driven strategy, a
competitive edge, and
growth amid challenging
situations.

2
Businesses can no longer
avoid using technology in all
their functions, more so in the
gathering, analysis, and
presentation of data.

3
Large companies are
competing in the efficient
management and analysis of
big data.

4
Small and medium
enterprises combine land-
based and online data
gathering and operations.

5
I SEE THE LIGHTS 2!
A manufacturer stated that the mean lifespan of his lightbulbs is 48
months. The standard deviation is 35 months. Forty-five bulbs are
selected, below are the data being gathered:
35 40 33 38 34 42 34 35 38 46
31 38 36 41 34 34 32 36 39 30
39 35 39 31 29 37 39 34 35 37
35 30 33 32 33 38 32 39 48 35
42 32 38 33 39
6
I SEE THE LIGHTS 2!
Using the critical value approach, should the manufacturer’s statement
be rejected at α=0.05?

7
SOLUTION
Step 1: Type in the months, dummy in cell A1, B1 and encode the data in
cell A1 to A46.

8
SOLUTION
Step 2: Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → z-Test: Two Sample for
Means

9
SOLUTION
Step 3: Enter the cell range A1:A46 in the Variable 1 Range. Enter the cell
range B1:B46 in the Variable 2 Range. Type in 48 in the
Hypothesized Mean Difference. Type in the square of the
standard deviation, which is 1 225 in Variable 1 Variance (known)
and 0.00001 in Variable 2 Variance (known)(since the command
will not accept 0).

10
SOLUTION
Step 3: Tick the label box. And put the alpha level, which is 0.05. Click OK
after.

11
SOLUTION
Step 4: The result will appear on a separate worksheet.

12
SOLUTION
Step 5: Remove column C and replace Two with One in cell A1.

13
SOLUTION
Take note that the computed p-value of 0.02145 is less than 0.05 (level of
significance), we reject H0.

14
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. What are the different software we can utilize in data analysis?
2. What are Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS?
3. How to use Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS in data analysis?

15
How does technology affect one’s decision-
making in business? How does it change the
way business data are gathered and
analyzed?

16
 MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

● most widely used on personal computers

● frequently pre-installed
● straightforward to operate
● comes with a Data Analysis ToolPak and a set of statistical
tools

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 MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

KNOWING THE HISTOGRAM

VALUES

gives continuous numeric values

for the data you have at hand

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 Example

Suppose that you want to know the histogram values of the

candidate's ages. To understand it, here are the steps you are
to follow:

19
 Example

STEP 1

In Column A, enter the data you want to create a graph. Make

sure that you enter one data per cell.

20
 Example

STEP 2

In Column B, type in the upper-class boundaries of the data in

Column A. Again, make sure that you enter one data per cell.

21
 Example

STEP 3

Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → Histogram.

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 Example

STEP 4

Enter the cell range A1:A9 in the Input Range. Enter the cell
range B1:B9 in the Bin Range. Tick the label box. Click OK after.

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MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

CONSTRUCTING A PIE GRAPH

To present percentages or
quantities as part of a whole

24
 Example

Suppose that you want to know the present percentage of the

frequencies of each ice cream flavor. To understand it, here
are the steps you are to follow:

25
 Example

STEP 1

In Column A, type in the different categories you want to see in

your pie chart. Make sure that you enter one data per cell.

26
 Example

STEP 2

In Column B, enter the corresponding frequencies for each

category. Again, make sure that you enter one data per cell.

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 Example

STEP 3

Tick the Insert tab and select Pie. Choose any layout of your
choice and click on it.

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 Example

STEP 4

The result will appear after.

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 THE FOLLOWING DATA SHOWS THE PURPOSE WHY PEOPLE
1 GO TO COFFEE SHOPS. CONSTRUCT A PIE CHART TO
PRESENT THE DATA.

Table 1. The purpose of people going to coffee shops.

Purpose Frequency
Catch up with friends 330
Work 225
Food 299

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 MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

CONSTRUCTING A LINE
GRAPH

To present variables and trends

of a continuous data

31
 Example

Suppose that you want to present the annual sales of your

business throughout the year. To know it, here are the steps
you are to follow:

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 Example

STEP 1

On Column A, input the time you are to present. Make sure

that you enter one data per cell.

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 Example

STEP 2

On Column B, input the data you want to present per year.

34
 Example

STEP 3

Tick the Insert tab and select Line. Choose any layout of your
choice and click on it.

35
 Example

STEP 4

The result will appear after.

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MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

CONSTRUCTING A BAR
GRAPH

To present the comparison

between quantities

37
 Example

Suppose that you want to present the annual attendees of

your business’ event throughout the year. To know it, here are
the steps you are to follow:

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 Example

STEP 1

On Column A, input the time you are to present. Make sure

that you enter one data per cell.

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 Example

STEP 2

On Column B, input the data you want to present per year.

40
 Example

STEP 3

Tick the Insert tab and select Bar. Choose any layout of your
choice and click on it.

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 Example

STEP 4

The result will appear after.

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 MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

COMPUTING FOR THE

MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

To describe a group or cluster of

data

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 Example

Suppose that you want to know the mean, median, and mode
of a group of student’s grades in a particular section. To
understand it, here are the steps you are to follow:

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 Example

STEP 1

Enter the data you want to know. The measures of central

tendency are in Column A. Make sure that you enter one data
per cell.

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 Example

STEP 2

Type in Mean, Median, Mode in cell B2, B3, and B4.

46
 Example

STEP 3

Tick the Formula tab and select Insert Function. To determine

the mean, choose the AVERAGE. To determine the median,
choose the MEDIAN. To determine the mode, you may select
MODE.SNGL (unimodal) or MODE.MULT (multimodal). Click OK
after.

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 Example

MEAN

48
 Example

MEDIAN

49
 Example

MODE

50
 Example

STEP 4

A dialogue box will appear after. Simply key in A2:A11 for

Number 1 and click OK.

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 Example

MEAN

52
 Example

MEDIAN

53
 Example

MODE

54
 Example

STEP 5

The result will show after.

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 FOR ONE WEEK, THE FOLLOWING IS THE GROSS INCOME
2 FROM THE GARAGE SALE IN NOVALICHES. CALCULATE THE
MEAN.

Table 2. Gross income of the garage sale in Novaliches

Day Gross Income Day Gross Income
Sunday 9550 Thursday 8910
Monday 5719 Friday 9730
Tuesday 7899 Sunday 10490
Wednesday 8909
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MICROSOFT EXCEL APPLICATION

TEST OF DIFFERENCE

To conduct one-sample z test

and a one-sample t-test using
Microsoft Excel:

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 Example 1

The study claims that teenagers spend an average of 48 hours

a week studying. A researcher ought to know if this report is
accurate. Forty-five teenagers were taken as a sample from a
particular city. Below are the gathered from the students:

35 40 33 38 34 42 34 35 38 46
31 38 36 41 34 34 32 36 39 30
39 35 39 31 29 37 39 34 35 37
35 30 33 32 33 38 32 39 48 35
42 32 38 33 39
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 Example 1

Using the 10% level of significance, can you conclude that the
report that all teenagers spend an average of at most 48 hours
a week on studying is false?

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 Example 1

STEP 1

Type in the hours, dummy in cell A1, B1, and encode the data
in cell A1 to A46.

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 Example 1

STEP 2

Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → z-Test: Two-Sample for

Means

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 Example 1

STEP 2

Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → z-Test: Two-Sample for

Means

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 Example 1

STEP 3

Enter the cell range A1:A46 in the Variable 1 Range. Enter the
cell range B1:B46 in the Variable 2 Range. Type in 48 in the
Hypothesized Mean Difference. Type in the square of the
standard deviation, which is 1 225 in Variable 1 Variance
(known) and 0.00001 in Variable 2 Variance (known)(since the
command will not accept 0). Tick the label box.

63
 Example 1

STEP 3

And put the alpha level, which is 0.10. Click OK after.

64
 Example 1

STEP 4

The result will appear on a separate worksheet.

65
 Example 1

STEP 5

Remove column C and replace Two with One in cell A1.

66
 Example 1

Note that the computed p-value of 0.01073 is greater than 0.10

(level of significance). We do not reject H0.

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 Example 2

The newly appointed library clerk noticed from one of the

reports that the average number of students using the library
per hour was 86. To verify this hypothesis, he selected a day
and tracked down the number of students who used the
library in eight hours. Below are the following results:

90, 94, 88, 86, 86, 89, 91, 93

At 𝛼=0.05, can the library clerk conclude that the average

number of students who use the library is 86?

68
 Example 1

STEP 1

Type in the number of students, dummy in cell A1, B1, and

encode the data in cell A1 to A9.

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 Example 1

STEP 2

Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → t-Test: Two-Sample

Assuming Unequal Variances

70
 Example 1

STEP 3

Enter the cell range A1:A9 in the Variable 1 Range. Enter the
cell range B1:B9 in the Variable 2 Range. Type in 86 in the
Hypothesized Mean Difference. Tick the label box.

71
 Example 1

STEP 3

And put the alpha level, which is 0.05. Click OK after.

72
 Example 1

STEP 4

The result will appear on a separate worksheet.

73
 Example 1

STEP 5

Remove column C and replace Two with One in cell A1.

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 Example 1

Since the t-value of 3.44 is lesser than the critical t-value -2.36.
We will reject the H0.

75
 A STUDY CLAIMED THAT THE AVERAGE EXPENSE OF A
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT IS PHP 150 DAILY. A
3 RESEARCHER WISHES TO VERIFY IF IT IS TRUE. HE ASKED
TEN RESPONDENTS, AND HERE ARE THEIR RESPONSES:

Php 100 Php 200 Php 180 Php 80 Php 90

Php 250 Php 110 Php 100 Php 130 Php 150
AT 𝛼=0.01, CAN IT BE CONCLUDED THAT THE CLAIM IS
TRUE?

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 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS DATA

SPSS SOFTWARE APPLICATION

● groundbreaking software used mainly by researchers to

process vital data
● Useful when processing complex business data

77
 Example

An insurance company claims that an average of 14.25

members apply for their health card per institution. An analyst
selected a sample of institutions affiliated with the said
insurance company to verify. Below are the gathered results.

15. 16, 17, 14, 13, 18, and 12

At an 𝛼=0.10, is the average registered members per institution

more than the claimed average?

78
 Example

STEP 1

Encode the Before data set from the VAR00001 column.

79
 Example

STEP 2

Go to Variable View.

80
 Example

STEP 3

Type Number_of_Members in Name Column.

81
 Example

STEP 4

Return to Data View. Select Analyze → Compare Means →

One-Sample T-Test

82
 Example

STEP 5

Move Number_of_Members to Test Variable(s) and type in

14.25 in the Test Value, then click OK.

83
 Example

STEP 6

The result will appear on a separate worksheet.

Since the t-value of 0.13 is lesser than the critical t-value of

1.943. We do not reject the H0.

84
Using Microsoft Excel Application, answer the following problems.

85
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

Whether simple or complex, you must make judgments for

your business to run correctly. Each decision you make can
have a long-term impact on the company's success. As the
CEO, you must ensure that the firm runs and grows, and
innovation may make this much more manageable. In
company operations and activities, technology is becoming
increasingly vital.

Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
86
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

Technology has given all decision-makers access to

information, which has sped up processes and increased
efficiency. Even more than that, business people need to
communicate more effectively with their teams and offer
employees training on performing duties that benefit the
organization. Technology assists decision-makers in different
ways through business information systems, allowing
department heads to make better working and strategic
decisions.
Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
87
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

People in charge of making business decisions need access to

results to plan and defend their judgments. Customer records,
financial records, market trends, competitor profiles, and
other corporate details can all be used to gather information. A
corporation can use a strong data management system to
reach enormous amounts of data by storing information in a
central location accessible via a secure network. Data
collection has increased using technology, allowing firm
executives to make faster and more efficient decisions.
Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
88
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

The corporation will collect current sales data and make

judgments based on the new information by providing
network links between consumers and the company's central
database. Supply chain managers can also collect and
exchange production and market data for making informed
stock-level and production decisions.

Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
89
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

Before being made or implemented, a decision must go

through various processes, including preparation,
organization, creating, and management. The data needs for
each level are different. Suppose your organization invests in
business intelligence software. In that case, they will be able to
select, analyze, and adjust data as required, helping them
make the best decisions possible for the company.

Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
90
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

Decision-making in many firms involves departments or a

group of stakeholders. They can come together to discuss and
decide on a new project, such as new product development or
a marketing campaign, using technological collaboration tools.
In a variety of ways, decision-making can assist in increasing
corporate productivity.

Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
91
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

While this may be difficult, technology can aid in identifying

and implementing new ideas. You'll also be able to assess
market reactions, which will help you create value, increase
productivity, and maintain your competitiveness. You can use
BuzzSumo, consumer feedback, or just track sales numbers to
evaluate what works. Furthermore, past sales data can help
you plan for seasonal spikes or idle periods, allowing you to
prepare resources and schedule staff. You can also benefit
from technological aid.
Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
92
 Using technology to improve your decision-making process

Business management teams no longer have adequate

experience to predict the effects and risks of critical business
decisions. Technology can assist in making well-informed
decisions that benefit the firm. It can be linked with existing
business processes to improve performance and productivity
by streamlining activities.

Ros Cardinal, “Using technology to improve your decision-making process,” Shaping Change (Publisher,
May 28, 2020), https://www.shapingchange.com.au/use-technology-to-improve-decision-making/, last
accessed in January 2022.
93
● Technology's role in business cannot be understated. Nowadays,
companies use some widely known applications: Microsoft Excel
Application and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences or
SPSS.
● Microsoft Excel is the most widely known spreadsheet program used
on personal computers. It aids someone in presenting, describing,
and analyzing data.
● SPSS is a groundbreaking software used mainly by researchers to
process vital data in simple steps.

94
95
Sequence the step-by-step process upon using Microsoft Excel
Application. Use letters A to F upon answering.

1. Knowing the Histogram Values

_____ In Column B, type in the upper-class boundaries of the data in

Column A. Make sure that you enter one data per cell.
_____ Enter the cell range in Column A in the Input Range. Enter the cell
range in Column B in the Bin Range. Tick the label box. Click OK after.
_____ In Column A, enter the data you want to create a graph. Make sure
that you enter one data per cell.
_____ Select the Data tab → Data Analysis → Histogram.

96
Sequence the step-by-step process upon using Microsoft Excel
Application. Use letters A to F upon answering.

2. Constructing a Line Graph

_____ On Column B, input the data you want to present about Column A.
_____ On Column A, input the time you are to present. Make sure that you
enter one data per cell.
_____ The result will appear after.
_____ Tick the Insert tab and select Line. Choose any layout of your choice
and click on it.

97
Sequence the step-by-step process upon using Microsoft Excel
Application. Use letters A to F upon answering.

3. SPSS Software Application

_____ Go to Data View. Select Analyze → Compare Means → (Test of your

choice)
_____ The result will appear on a separate worksheet.
_____ Encode the before data set from the VAR00001 column.
_____ Name your data column.
_____ Move the data column to test variables and type in the hypothesized
mean difference in the test value, then click OK.
_____ Go to Variable View.
_____ Make a decision and conclude.

98
Using Microsoft Excel, do the following tasks.

1. The data below presents the number of Senior High School

students from a particular institution. Make a bar graph to
present the data.
Track and Strand Number of Enrollees Track and Strand Number of Enrollees

Academic - ABM 1 270 Arts and Design - Music 328

Academic - GAS 1 124 Arts and Design - 564

Media and Visual Arts

Academic - HUMSS 845 TVL - Home Economics 312

Academic - STEM 2 630 TVL - ICT 186

99
Answer area

100
Using Microsoft Excel, do the following tasks.

2. The data below presents the price of the different brands

of fluorescent lamps at seven (7) stores. Determine the
median.
Store Price Store Price
A Php 120 E Php 121
B Php 110 F Php 125
C Php 190 G Php 130
D Php 120

101
Answer area

102
Do the following tasks below:

ABC Company trusts that art should be born from materials.

They plan to create a new product that will help individuals in
arts and crafts develop their skills more. During the business
proposal preparation, they have learned that individuals in this
field spend at least Php 10 000 on art materials.

As part of the research team, you are assigned to test if the

claim is valid. Below are the tasks you are to do:
1. Gather information from 10 individuals that you know
related to this field.

103
Do the following tasks below:

2. Present the gathered data through graphical presentation

(using Microsoft Excel Application).
3. Determine the sample mean and standard deviation
through Microsoft Excel Application.
4. Set up the significance level and verify if the claim is valid
through Microsoft Excel Application.
5. Come up with your conclusion.

104
Do the following tasks below:

Use the space provided to express your work.

Answer area

105