Number Systems

Presented by Group 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 Introduction to 02 Arithmetic
Number Reporters: Rogenald Golipatan
Systems
Reporter: Angeline Barliso Angelica Roque

03 The r’s and (r-1)’s

Complement
Reporter: Chrisklayton
Damasco
Denise Santiago
 01
Introduction to
Number Systems
Reporter: Angeline Barliso
 Number Systems
is a way to represent numbers in the computer system.
Computer can only understand machine language which consists
of numbers. Since computer cannot understand our words and
letters, the computer translates every information we input into
numbers.

These are the number systems that computer supports:

■ Decimal Number System
■ Binary Number System
■ Octal Number System
■ Hexadecimal Number System
Decimal Number
System
is a base 10 number system having 10 digits from 0 to 9.
This means that any numerical quantity can be represented using
these 10 digits. Decimal number system is also a positional
value system. This means that the value of digits will depend on
its position.

Say we have three numbers – 734, 971 and 207. The value of 7
in all three numbers is different
■ In 734, value of 7 is 7 hundreds or 700 or 7 × 100 or 7 × 102
■ In 971, value of 7 is 7 tens or 70 or 7 × 10 or 7 × 101
■ In 207, value 0f 7 is 7 units or 7 or 7 × 1 or 7 × 100
Binary Number
System
The easiest way to vary instructions through electric signals
is two-state system – on and off. On is represented as 1 and off
as 0, though 0 is not actually no signal but signal at a lower
voltage. The number system having just these two digits – 0
and 1 – is called binary number system.

Each binary digit is also called a bit. Binary number system

is also positional value system, where each digit has a value
expressed in powers of 2.
Binary Number
System
In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called least
significant bit (LSB) and leftmost digit is called most
significant bit (MSB).

And decimal equivalent of this number is sum of product of

each digit with its positional value.

110102 = 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20

= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0

= 2610
Octal Number System
has eight digits – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Octal number
system is also a positional value system with where each
digit has its value expressed in powers of 8.

Decimal equivalent of any octal number is sum of product

of each digit with its positional value.

7268 = 7 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 6 × 80

= 448 + 16 + 6

= 47010
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal number system has 16 symbols – 0 to 9 and
A to F where A is equal to 10, B is equal to 11 and so on till F.
Hexadecimal number system is also a positional value system
with where each digit has its value expressed in powers of 16.

Decimal equivalent of any hexadecimal number is sum of

product of each digit with its positional value.

27FB16 = 2 × 163 + 7 × 162 + 15 × 161 + 10 × 160

= 8192 + 1792 + 240 +10

= 1023410
Number System
Conversion
As you know decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number
systems are positional value number systems. To convert binary,
octal and hexadecimal to decimal number, we just need to add the
product of each digit with its positional value. This is a
conversion of other base system to Decimal Number System.
Number System Conversion
■ Decimal to Other Base System

Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of

the new base.
Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least
significant digit) of new base number.
Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the
left) of the new base number.

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the
quotient becomes zero in Step 3. The last remainder thus obtained
will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new base number.
Decimal to Binary
Number System Conversion
■ Other Base System to Non-Decimal System

Step 1 − Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).

Step 2 − Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base
number.

Example
Octal Number − 258
Step 1:
Number System
Conversion
Step 2 − Convert Decimal to Binary

Decimal Number − 2110 = Binary Number − 101012

Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012
 02
Arithmetic
Reporter: Rogenald
Golipatan
Angelica Roque
YOU CAN DESCRIBE THE
PROCESS
 Binary  Octal
Addition, Addition,
Subtraction, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Multiplication and
Division Division

 Hexadecimal  Decimal
Addition, Addition,
Subtraction, Subtraction,
Multiplication Multiplication and
Division
 Binary Addition
Addition of Binary is much easier than decimal number
because binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1.
When we perform binary additions, there will have two
outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (C) . There are four rules for
binary addition.

Example Addition:
 Octal Addition
Arithmetic operations of octal numbers are also performed same as
decimal arithmetic operations. Arithmetic operations of octal numbers
are also performed same as decimal arithmetic operations. The addition
table for octal numbers is given as below:
 Binary Subtraction
There are four rules for binary subtraction. These are given as
following below:

Borrow 1 is required from next higher order bit to subtract 1 from 0.

So, result became 0. Example:
 Binary Multiplication
There are four rules for binary multiplication. These are given
as following below:

Whenever at least one input is 0, then multiplication is always

0.
Example:
 Octal Addition
To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this example:
Add 68 and 58. Locate 6 in the A column then locate the 5 in the B
column. The point in 'sum' area where these two columns intersect is the
'sum' of two numbers.

68 + 58 = 138.
 Hexadecimal Addition
To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this
example − Add A16 and 516. Locate A in the X column then
locate the 5 in the Y column. The point in 'sum' area where these
two columns intersect is the sum of two numbers.
A16 + 516 = F16.
Example Addition:
 Octal
Subtraction
The subtraction of octal numbers follows the same rules as the
subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The only
variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you borrow
a group of 1010. In the binary system, you borrow a group of 210.
In the octal system you borrow a group of 810.

Example Subtraction:
 Octal Multiplication
In the multiplication of octal numbers, if the product is less
than radix of octal (i.e, 8), then we take it as the result, else
divide it by radix of octal (i.e., 8) and take the remainder as the
LSB (least significant bit). The quotient is taken as carry in the
next significant digit.
 Octal Multiplication
Example
Multiplication:

Answer: 327458
 Hexadecimal
Addition
Arithmetic operations of hexadecimal numbers can be
performed using addition table for hexadecimal numbers which
is given as below:
 Hexadecimal
Subtraction
The subtraction of hexadecimal numbers follow the same rules
as the subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The
only variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you
borrow a group of 1010. In the binary system, you borrow a group
of 210. In the hexadecimal system you borrow a group of 16 10.
Example Subtracion:
 Hexadecimal
Multiplication
In the multiplication of hexadecimal numbers, if the product is less
than radix of hexadecimal (i.e, 16), then we take it as the result, else
divide it by radix of hexadecimal (i.e., 16) and take the remainder as
the LSB (least significant bit).

Look at first row (red), it is X

Look at first column (blue),
it is Y
Look at the rest of the table,
these values are product
of X and Y
 Binary Division
There are four part in any division: Dividend, Divisor, quotient,
and remainder. These are given as following rules for binary
division:

Whenever divisor is 0, then result is always not defined. Example:

 Octal Division
Similarly, division of octal numbers can be performed by
following the rules of division of decimal numbers but
maximum allowed digit will be 7.

To solve division examples you must know how to perform

multiplication on octal numbers. I will solve examples on each
case. First case in which dividend and divisor both are
integers. Second case in which dividend has an octal point and
divisor is an integer. Third case in which both dividend and
divisor both have floating point numbers.

65738 ÷ 168
 Octal Division

Answer: 366.48

Answer: 366.48
 Hexadecimal Division
Similarly, division of hexadecimal numbers can be performed by
following the rules of division of decimal numbers but the
maximum allowed digit will be F(=15 in decimal).
 03
The r's and (r-
1)'s
Complements
Reporter: Chrisklayton
Damasco
 The r's and (r-1)'s
Complements
Complements are used in the digital computers in order to simplify the
subtraction operation and for the logical manipulations. For each radix-
r system (radix r represents base of number system) there are two types
of complements.
The (r-1)'s
Complements
The (r-1)'s complement of a number in any number system with
base r can be found out by subtracting every single digit of a
number by r-1.

For Example: In the binary number system, the base is 2. Hence,

its (r-1)'s i.e., (2-1 =1)'s complement can be obtained by
subtracting each bit from 1, i.e., 1's complement for 001 can also
be calculated by subtracting 001 from 111 which will be (111-
001) = (110)2.

Finding the (r-1)'s complement:

in the octal number system, the base is 8 so its 7's complement
can be calculated by subtracting each bit by 7, i.e., 7's
complement for 347 in octal number system can be calculated by
subtracting 347 from 777 which will yield (777 – 347) = (430) 8.
 The r's Complements
● The r's complement of a non-zero number in any number system
with base r can be calculated by adding 1 to the LSB of its (r-1)'s
complement.
● For Example: In binary number system, 2's complement of 001
can be calculated by adding 1 to the LSB of its 1'complement
(i.e., 110 + 1) = (111)2.

Similarly, in octal number system, 8's complement of 347 can

be calculated by adding 1 to the LSB of its 7'complement
(i.e., 430 + 1) = (431)8.
 THANKS
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