•MOLE is the amount of substance that contains
as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules,
or other particles)
•MOLAR MASS the mass (in g or kg) of 1 mole of
units of a substance.
•ATOMIC MASS UNIT as a mass exactly equal to
one twelfth the mass of carbon-12 atom. Unit of
mass used to express atomic and molecular
weights.
MOLECULAR MASS (sometimes
called the weight of the
molecules) is the sum of the
atomic masses in the molecule.
Calculate the molecular masses
(in amu) of the following
compounds;
(a) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
(b) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2)
C6H12O6
Methane (CH4) is the principal
component of natural gas. How
many moles of CH4 are present in
6.07g of CH4?
Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in
industry, low temperature research,
deep-sea diving tanks, and balloons.
How many moles of He atoms are in
6.46g of He?
Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used
in making brass and in plating iron to
prevent corrosion. How many grams of
Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?
Get the molecular masses:
1. SO2
2. LiO
Get the molar masses
1. CO2
2. Al2O3
Convert:
1. 6moles Fe2O3
2. 15.5 g of NH3
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
23
6.022 𝑥 10
Sulfur is a nonmetallic element that is
present in a coal. When coal is burned,
sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide
and eventually to sulfuric acid that
gives rise to the acid rain phenomenon.
How many atoms are in 16.3g of S?
How many atoms are in
18.5g of O?
How many atoms are in
3.4moles of S?
CH4 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2
STOICHIOMETRY
•Is the quantitative study
of reactants and
products in a chemical
reaction
STEPS IN STOICHIOMETRY
1. Write balanced equation for the reaction
2. Convert the given amount of reactant (in grams)
to moles.
3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation
to calculate the number of moles to product
formed.
4. Convert the moles of product to grams (or other
units) of product.
The food we eat is degraded, or broken down,
in our bodies to provide energy for growth
and function. A general overall equation for
this very complex represents the degradation
of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2)
and water (H2O):
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + 6H2O
If 856g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person
over a certain period, what is the mass of CO2
produced?
All alkali metals react with water to
produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A
typical reaction is that between lithium
and water.
Li(s) + 2H2O(l) LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
How many grams of Li are needed to
produce 9.89g of H2?
All alkali metals react with water to
produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A
typical reaction is that between lithium
and water.
Li(s) + 2H2O(l) LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
How many grams of Li are needed to
produce 4.5mol of H2?
Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia
with carbon dioxide:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2(CO)(aq) + H2O (l)
In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated CO2.
Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed?
Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia
with carbon dioxide:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2(CO)(aq) + H2O (l)
In one process, 13 mol of NH3 are treated CO2.
Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed?
The reaction between aluminum and iron (III) oxide
can generate temperature between approaching
3000°C and is used in wedding metals:
Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 +Fe
In one process, 124g of Al are reacted with Fe2O3.
Calculate the mass (in grams) of Al2O3 formed.
The reaction between aluminum and iron (III) oxide
can generate temperature between approaching
3000°C and is used in wedding metals:
Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe
In one process, 4.7mol of Al are reacted with Fe2O3.
Calculate the mass (in grams) of Al2O3 formed.
H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3
If 6.60 moles H2 are made to react
with N2. How many moles NH3 will
be produced?
LIMITING
REAGENT
The reactant used up first in a reaction is
called the limiting reagent, because the
maximum amount of product formed
depends on how much of this reactant was
originally present. When this reactant is used
up, no more product is formed. Excess
reagents are the reactant present in
quantities greater than necessary to react
with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia
with carbon dioxide:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2(CO)(aq) + H2O (l)
In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated with
1142g of CO2. (a) Which of the two reactants is
the limiting reagent? (b) Calculate the mass of
(NH2)2CO formed? (c ) How much excess reagent
(in grams) is left at the end of reaction?
The reaction between aluminum and iron (III) oxide can
generate temperature between approaching 3000°C and
is used in wedding metals:
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 +2Fe
In one process, 124g of Al are reacted with 601 g of
Fe2O3.
a. Calculate the mass (in grams) of Al2O3 formed.
b. How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of
the reaction
H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3
If 6.60 moles H2 are made to react
with 4.42 moles N2, a. what is the
limiting reagent? b. How many
grams NH3 will be produced? c.
What reagent is in excess and by
how much?
NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2
How many grams of PbCl2 (lead II
chloride) are produced from the reaction
of 15.3 g of NaCl and 60.8 g of
Pb(NO3)2? What is the limiting reactant?
How much excess is left over?
2S(s) + 302(g) S03(g)
if 6.3 g of S is reacted with 10.0 g of
02, show by calculation which one
will be the limiting reactant.
CaC03+ HCl CaCl2+ CO+ H20
68.1 g solid CaC03 is mixed with
51.6 g HCl. What number of grams
ofCO2 will be produced?
NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2
How many grams of PbCl2 (lead II
chloride) are produced from the reaction
of 15.3 g of NaCl and 60.8 g of
Pb(NO3)2? What is the limiting reactant?
How much excess is left over?
PERCENT YIELD
•Theoretical yield the amount of
product that would result if all the
limiting reagent reacted.
•Actual yield the amount of product
actually obtained from a reaction.
•Percent yield describes the proportion
of the actual yield to the theoretical
yield.
% yield = actual yield X 100
theoretical yield
CaC03+ HCl CaCl2+ CO2+ H20
4.40 mol solid CaC03 is mixed with
7.60 mol HCl. What number of
grams ofCO2 will be produced?
What is the limiting reagent? How
much (grams) of excess reagent?
What is the percent yield if the
actual yield is 9.3g?
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + 6H2O
If 8.56 mol of C6H12O6 is consumed with
a 4.5 mol of O2 person over a certain
period, what is the mass of CO2
produced? What is the limiting reagent?
How much (grams) of excess reagent?
What is the percent yield if the actual
yield is 4.7 g?
NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2
How many grams of PbCl2 (lead II
chloride) are produced from the reaction
of 15.3 g of NaCl and 60.8 g of
Pb(NO3)2? What is the limiting reactant?
How much excess is left over? What is
the percent yield if the actual yield is
5.3g?
NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2(CO)(aq) + H2O (l)
In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated with
1142g of CO2. (a) Which of the two reactants is
the limiting reagent? (b) Calculate the mass of
(NH2)2CO formed? (c ) How much excess reagent
(in grams) is left at the end of reaction? (d) what
is the percent yield if the actual yield is 3.4g?
