Planning Data
Collection/Analysis
Procedure
Data
Collection/Analysis
Is the process of gathering and
measuring information on
variables of interest in an
established systematic fashion
that enables one to answer
stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes.
DATA COLLECTION/ANALYSIS
The data collection and
analysis of research is
common to all fields of study.
While methods vary by
discipline – emphasis of
ensuring accurate and honest
collection remains the same.
DATA COLLECTION – KEY POINTS
• Data Collection Plan
• Data Collection Procedures
• Appropriate Data Collection Instruments
• Data Analysis
Data Collection Plan
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
5 Thought out
4.3 4.4 4.5
approach (steps)
3.5
serving as
3
2.8
preparation
2.4 2.5 (management) and
2 2
1.8 guide (phases) for an
efficient and
effective data
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 collection/analysis.
Data Collection/Analysis Procedures
• Identify the questions that needs to be answered
• Determine what kind of data is available
• Determine how much data is needed Class Group 1 Group 2
• Determine how to measure data Class 1 82 95
• Decide who is going to collect the data Class 2 76 88
Class 3 84 90
• Determine where data will be collected
• Decide whether to measure a sample or the
whole population
• Determine in what format the data will be
displayed
Appropriate Data Collection Instrument
1. Observation
- respondent/s cannot directly answer the researcher’s question
- use of checklist/scales to categorize attributes being observed
- coded information to numerical data
2. Survey
- collects data from sample population
- estimate attributes/characteristics of population
Appropriate Data Collection Instrument
3. Interview
- guide questions
- close-ended / open-ended questions
- laborious
4. Questionnaire
Standardized/Researcher-made
- Standardized; validated, piloted, and revised
- Researcher-made; requires validation and pilot testing
Usability, Validity and Reliability
USABILITY
refers to the ease with which an instrument can be administered,
interpreted by the participant, and scored/interpreted by the researcher.
VALIDITY
Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure and performs as it is designed to perform. It is rare, if nearly impossible,
that an instrument is 100% valid, so validity is generally measured in degrees.
Usability, Validity and Reliability
RELIABILITY
can be thought of as consistency. Does the instrument consistently
measure what it is intended to measure? It is not possible to calculate
reliability; however, there are four general estimators that you may
encounter in reading research:
- Inter-Rater/Observer Reliability: The degree to which different raters/observers give
consistent answers or estimates.
- Test-Retest Reliability: The consistency of a measure evaluated over time.
- Parallel-Forms Reliability: The reliability of two tests constructed the same way, from the
same content.
- Internal Consistency Reliability: The consistency of results across items, often measured
with Cronbach’s Alpha.
Usability, Validity and Reliability
CONSIDERATIONS
1. How long will it take to administer?
2. Are the directions clear?
3. How easy is it to score?
4. Do equivalent forms exist?
5. Have any problems been reported by others who used
it?
QUESTIONNAIRE: QUESTIONS/STATEMENTS
CONSIDERATIONS
1. SPECIFIC/CONCISE
2. NOT OPEN-ENDED
3. NOT BIASED
4. OBJECTIVE (NOT SUBJECTIVE)
5. GENDER SENSITIVE (SOCIO-CULTURAL NORMS/RIGHTS)
(ACKNOWLEDGING EQUALITY OF ALL GENDER PREFERENCE)
Data Analysis
Making Sense of the Responses
- Organizing
- Summarizing
- Exploratory Analysis
Data Analysis
Communicating the Responses
- Tables
- Graphical Displays
- Summary Statistics
Data Analysis
Use of Statistical Software
(population, sample, variable, value)
Examples:
- SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
- SQL (Structured Query Language)
- ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
- BI (Business Intelligence)
- Data Modelling
- Statistical Analysis Tools
REFERENCES
Nelia Prieto, Victoria Naval and Teresita Carrey, Practical Research 2 for Senior High
School (Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.), 3-4.
Esther Baraceros, , Practical Research 2 (Manila: REX Book Store), 3-4..
https://spaldng.libguides.com/c.php?g=416133&p=315088
www.insightsassociation.org/faq/what-nature -research
https://betterthesis.dk/
research-methods/lesson-1different-approaches-to-research/strengths-and-limitations
https://coursede.umuc.edu/WRTG999A/chapter4/ch4-01.html
THANK YOU
