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Dr. Y. V. Pavan Kumar

Associate Professor
School of Electronics Engineering

VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh

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 RMS value, average value, form factor of different signals

 Concept of impedance and admittance

 Power calculations (active, reactive, and apparent power)

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RMS value, average value,

form factor of different signals
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Vm (or) Im

V = Vm (volts)
I = Im (Amp)

Vm (or) Im

V = Vm Sin (ωt+Φ) (volts)

I = Im Sin (ωt+Φ) (Amp)
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1 T
Average Value (Va) Va 
T V
0
L (t ) dt

1 T
RMS Value (Vo) Vo   VL (t ) 2 dt
T 0

Vo VRMS
Form Factor FF  
Va V Average
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Calculate the Average, RMS, and form factor values for the following
waveform
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Calculate the Average, RMS, and form factor values for the following waveforms

FF = 1.15
FF = 1.11

FF = 1.08
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Concept of Impedance and

Admittance
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Impedance: (Denoted by Z)
–The effective resistance of an electric circuit or
component to alternating current, arising from the
combined effects of ohmic resistance and reactance.

R is the resistance, measured in ohms.

X is the reactance, measured in ohms.
Z is the impedance, measured in ohms.

( j   1  j 2  1)
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Find the Zin for ω = 50 rad / s

Z1

Z3
Z2

Zin =
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Find the Zin for ω = 10 rad / s

Z3
Z1
Z2
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Find ZAB

Then, ZAB = ((4 × 4j) / (4 + 4j)) – 2j

= (4j – 2j (1+ j)) / (1+ j)

=2Ω
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Find i and v; Identify delay produced in capacitor voltage

The delay produced in capacitor voltage = 63.43o

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Find i and v
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Find the vo and calculate the phase difference produced

between input and output

The phase difference = 31o

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Find the vo
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Find I and V
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Power calculations
(active, reactive, and apparent power)
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 In a DC circuit, the voltages and currents are generally constant, that is not varying
with time as there is no sinusoidal waveform associated with the supply. However in
an AC circuit, the instantaneous values of the voltage, current and therefore power
are constantly changing being influenced by the supply. So we can not calculate the
power in AC circuits in the same manner as we can in DC circuits.

 Another important point is that AC circuits contain reactance, so there is a power

component as a result of the magnetic and/or electric fields created by the
components. The result is that unlike a purely resistive component, this power is not
only consumed but instead is stored.
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Impedance Triangle Power Triangle

Z  R  j( X L  X C ) S  P  j (QL  QC )

 Z  R 2  ( X L  X C )2  S  P 2  (QL  QC ) 2

 Apparent Power (S) is expressed as, kilo Volt-Amperes (or) kVA

 Real Power (P) is expressed as, kilo Watts (or) kW
 Reactive Power (Q) is expressed as, kilo Volt-Amperes Reactive (or) kVAr
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Understanding the Power Classification

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 Real power P, also known as true power or active power or average power,
performs the “real work” within an electrical circuit. Real power, measured in watts,
defines the power consumed by the resistive part of a circuit.
‒ The real power, P in an AC circuit is the same as power, P in a DC circuit. So just like DC
circuits, it is always calculated as I2R, where R is the total resistive component of the circuit.

 Reactive power Q, is the power consumed in an AC circuit that does not perform
any useful work but has a big effect on the phase shift between the voltage and
current waveforms.
‒ Reactive power is linked to the reactance produced by inductors and capacitors and
counteracts the effects of real power. Reactive power does not exist in DC circuits.

 Apparent power S, or Complex power or Total power is the combination of

reactive power and true power.
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V2
S  VI   I 2Z
Z
V2
P  VI cos( )  cos( )  I 2 R cos( )
R
V2
Q  VI sin( )  sin( )  I 2 X sin( )
X

Where,

The voltage and currents are expressed as RMS values.

The angle (ϴ) is the angle between voltage and current.

P  VI cos( )
 P  Vrms I rms cos(v  i )

Vm I m
P cos(v  i )
2 2
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The ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the
r.m.s. values of current and voltage. (Or) the ratio of true power to the apparent power.

 When the power factor equals 1.0 (unity) or 100%, that is when the real power
consumed equals the circuits apparent power, the phase angle between the current
and the voltage is 0o as: cos-1(1.0) = 0o.

 When the power factor equals zero (0), the phase angle between the current and
the voltage will be 90o as: cos-1(0) = 90o. In this case the actual power consumed by
the AC circuit is zero regardless of the circuit current.
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Calculate the Average Power of that branch

Solution:

Vm I m
P  Vrms I rms cos(v  i )  cos(v  i )
2 2
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Find the value of the true power.

Solution:

The true power in that branch is,

Vm I m
P  Vrms I rms cos(v  i )  cos(v  i )
2 2
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The voltage and currents of a 50Hz sinusoidal supply are given as:
vt = 240 sin(ωt +60o)Volts and it = 5 sin(ωt -10o)Amps respectively.

Solution: Find the value of the real power.

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Solution:
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A wound coil that has an inductance of 180mH and a resistance of 35Ω is connected to a
100V 50Hz supply. Calculate:
1)The impedance of the coil
2)The current
3)The power factor
Also, draw the resulting power triangle for the above coil.

Solution:

Data given:
R = 35Ω, L = 180mH, V = 100V and ƒ = 50Hz.

(1) Impedance (Z) of the coil:

Z  R  jX L  R  j L
 35  j 2 fL  35  j (2  3.14  50  180  103 )
 Z  35  j 56.6 
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(2) Current (I) consumed by the coil:

(3) The power factor and phase angle, θ:

(4) Power traingle:

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Power triangle for the coil:

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A sinusoidal source supplies 10 kVAr reactive power to load

Determine:
(a)the power factor,
(b)the apparent power delivered to the load, and
(c)the peak voltage.

Solution:
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In the circuit in shown, the 60Ω resistor absorbs an average power of

240 W. Find the value of source voltage “V”

Solution: I
I1 I2