TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

404130
ELECTRIC MACHINE AND
EQUIPEMNT
CHAPTER 1:
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY
CONVERSION
24/12/2019 1
404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit,
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 CHAPTER 1: MAGNETIC CIRCUIT,
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMECHANICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION.
1.1.Magnetic Circuits
1.2. Energy Conversion Process
1.3. Mechanical Forces in the Electromagnetic
System

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 2

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 OBJECTIVES
 Understand the magnetic field and
magnetic circuit
 Understand the properties of magnetic
materials
 Understand some basic electromagnetic
laws
 Calculate a simple magnetic circuit

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 3

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.1. Magnetic field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by
which energy is converted from one form to another
in motors, generators and transformers.
 The Ampere’s Law : A current-carrying wire
produces a magnetic field in the area around it.

H. dl  
H.dl II
CC

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 4

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.1. Magnetic field
 Consider a current carrying conductor is
wrapped around a ferromagnetic core:

The Ampere’s Law becomes: H. lc = N. i

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 5
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.1. Magnetic field
H.
H. llcc == N.
N. ii
H : magnetic field intensity
(ampere-turns per meter) is
known as the effort required to
induce a magnetic field.

BB== .
. HH
• B : magnetic flux density [Wb/m2 or T – Tesla]
• µ= r.0 : magnetic permeability of material [Henrys per meter –
H/m]
• r =  / 0 : relative permeability of material
• 0= 4.10-7: magnetic
24/12/2019 permeability
404130 of free
- Chapter 1: Magnetic space
Circuit, 6
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.1. Magnetic field ..NN.i.i
BB ..H
H 
 In a core such as figure: llcc
 The total flux flowing in the ferromagnetic core,
consideration has to be made in terms of its cross
sectional area (CSA). Therefore:
   BB..dAcc 

AAc
dA  BB..AAcc
c
Where : Ac - cross sectional area throughout the core (m2)

..NN..ii..AAcc  [Weber – Wb]

or :  
llcc
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 7
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
NN.i.i  H
H..llcc

 NN.i.i  BB..llc
 c

 NN.i.i  11  llcc

  A
  Acc

 11  llcc F : magnetomotive force (mmf)

 FF  NN.i.i   ..RR
 AAcc R : reluctance
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 8
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
 The flow of magnetic flux induced in the
ferromagnetic core can be made analogous to an
electrical circuit hence the name magnetic circuit.
I 

E
+
R F=Ni +
Reluctance, R
- (mmf) -
(emf)

Electric Circuit Analogy Magnetic Circuit Analogy

F = N. I = . R (similar E = I. R)
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 9
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits

 The polarity of the mmf will determine the

direction of flux by apply the ‘right hand curl’ rule:
 The direction of the curled fingers determines the
current flow.
 The resulting thumb direction will show the magnetic
flux flow.
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 10
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
 Consider a magnetic circuits with a air gap as figure:
f

Rc
F=N.i
Rg

  BBcc BBgg
BBcc  BBgg  FF  H
Hcc..llcc H
Hgg..gg  ..llcc  ..gg
AAcc AAgg  00
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 11
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
 Consider a magnetic circuits with a air gap as figure:
f

Rc
F=N.i
Rg

llcc gg
RRcc  RRgg  FF RRcc RRgg
..AAcc 00..AAgg
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 12
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
I f

R1 Rc
V F=N.i
R2 Rg

Electric Circuit Analogy Magnetic Circuit Analogy

FF FF
VV   
II 
RR11RR22
RRcc RRgg  llcc   gg 
   
   
..AAcc  00..AAgg 
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 13
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
 In general, magnetic circuits can consist of
multiple elements in series and parallel:

RR
NN ii 
mm mm nn nn
Example 1.1

HH  
j
jj jj
j
jj FF  FF
kk11
j j kk
kk11
kk
j 11 j 11

HH1l1l --HH2l2l ==(R

(R11++RR22)
)==NN11i1i1––NN22i2i2==FF11––FF22
11 22

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 14

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1.1.2. Magnetic circuits
Example 1.2: A magnetic
circuit with a single air gap
is shown in Fig. the
relative permeability of the
core is 4000 H/m. Given
this information, find:
a/ The total reluctance of
the flux (iron plus air gap)
path
b/ The current required
to produce a flux density
of 0.5T in the air gap

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 15

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.1. The magnetization curve B-H
 In the non-magnetic materials, they have
constant permeability. (Ex: the permeability of
free space is 0= 4.10-7 (H/m))
 The permeability of magnetic materials is much
higher than µ0.
 However, the permeability is not linear anymore
but does depend on the current over a wide
range.

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 16

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.1. The magnetization curve B-H
 The concept of magnetic permeability r
corresponds to the ability of the material to
permit the flow of magnetic flux through it.

 In electrical machines, linear relationship

between B and I is desired, which is normally
approached by limiting the current.

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 17

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.1. The magnetization curve B-H
 Look at the magnetization curve and B-H curve.

 (Wb) B (T)

F (A.turns) H (A.turns/m)
The curve corresponds to an increase of DC current flow through a coil

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 18

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.2. Energy losses in a ferromagnetic
core
Hysteresis Loss

Typical Hysteresis loop when AC current is applied.

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 19

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.2. Energy losses in a ferromagnetic
core
Eddy Current Loss

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 20

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.2. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
1.2.2. Energy losses in a ferromagnetic
core
Conclusion:
Core loss is extremely important in practice, since it
greatly affects operating temperatures, efficiencies, and
ratings of magnetic devices.

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 21

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.1. Faraday’s law - Induced voltage from
a time-changing magnetic field
“If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, voltage will be
induced in the turn of the wire that is directly proportional to the
rate of change in the flux with respect of time”

dd
eeii  
dt
dt

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 22

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.1. Faraday’s law - Induced voltage from
a time-changing magnetic field
 If there is N number of turns in the coil with the
same amount of flux flowing through it, hence:
dd dd
eeind  N
ind   N
   NN..eeii
dt
dt dt
dt
NN
where  (flux linkage) is defined as:   
 ii
 (Wb-turn)
i i11

Faraday’s law is the fundamental property of

magnetic fields involved in transformer operation.
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 23
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.2. Faraday’s law - Induced voltage on a
conductor moving in a magnetic field
“If a conductor moves or ‘cuts’ through a
magnetic field, voltage will be induced
between the terminals of the conductor”

eeind
ind
=
= (v
(v
 B)
B) 
 ll 
 sin
sin
v (m/s) – velocity of the wire
B (T) – magnetic field density
l (m)– length of the wire in the magnetic field
 - angle between v and B
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 24
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.2. Faraday’s law - Induced voltage on a
conductor moving in a magnetic field
The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a
magnetic field is fundamental to the operation of all
types of generators.

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 25

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.3. Electromagnetic force action to a
current carrying conductor in a magnetic
field
“When a current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it is subjected to
a force which we call electromagnetic
force. The magnitude of the force depends
upon the orientation of the conductor with
respect to the direction of the field”

FF== ii BB ll sin

sin
F(N); B(T); l (m); i(A)
 - angle between i and B
24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 26
Principles Of Electromechanical Energy
 1.3. BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAWS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
1.3.3. Electromagnetic force action to a
current carrying conductor in a magnetic
field

This phenomenon is the basis of an electric motor

where torque or rotational force of the motor is the
effect of the stator magnetic field and the current of
the rotor

24/12/2019 404130 - Chapter 1: Magnetic Circuit, 27

Principles Of Electromechanical Energy