Agenda
OSI Model
TCP/IP Model
Protocols at each layer
Different network topologies
The OSI Model
OSI “ Open Systems Interconnection".
OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
– Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to
another.
– Not HOW it should be done.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal (to be
transmitted)
In the OSI model, The specification needed
– are contained in 7 different layers that interact with each other.
The model acts as a frame of reference in the design of communications
and networking products so that all of our hardware and software talks
nicely to each other.
What is layering in Networked
computing?
– Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler parts.
Why a layered model?
– Easier to teach communication process.
– Speeds development, changes in one layer does not
affect how the other levels works.
– Standardization across manufactures.
– Allows different hardware and software to work together
– Reduces complexity
7 Layer OSI Model
Why use a reference model?
– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow
communication between computers.
– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers.
Other reference models are in use.
– Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
– We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models
As computing requirements increased, the network modeling had to evolve to meet
ever increasing demands of larger networks and multiple venders.
Problems and technology advances also added to the demands for changes in
network modeling.
Division of Layers
7. Application
Upper Layers
6. Presentation
5. Session
Middle Layer
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link Lower Layers
1. Physical
What Each Layer Does
2
Application Layer
Gives end-user applications access
to network resources
3
Presentation Layer
Data translation
Encryption
Character set conversion
Expansion of graphics
3 command
Session Layer
Allows applications to
maintain an ongoing session
Synchronization between
sender and receiver
Assignment of time for
transmission
– Start time
– End time etc.
3
Transport Layer
Provides reliable data delivery
For sending data
Repackage the message to fit into
packets
Split long messages
Assemble small messages
On receiving data
– Perform the reverse
– Send an acknowledgment to the
sender
Solve packet problems
– During transmission and 3
reception (error detection and
correction)
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for
the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
Network Layer
Provides network-wide addressing
and a mechanism to move packets
between networks (routing)
Responsibilities:
– Network addressing
Routing of data
– Based on priority
– Best path at the time of transmission
Congestion control
3
Network layer
The network layer is responsible for
the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Data Link Layer
Places data and retrieves it from the
physical layer and provides error
detection capabilities
Point of origin
– Packages data for transmission
over physical line
Receiving end
– Packages data for submission
to the network layer
Deals with network transmission
protocols
3
– IEEE 802. protocols
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for
moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
Sub-layers of the Data Link Layer
MAC (Media Access Control)
– Gives data to the NIC
– Controls access to the media through:
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection
Token passing
LLC (Logical Link Layer)
– Manages the data link interface (or Service Access Points
(SAPs))
– Can detect some transmission errors using a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). If the packet is bad the LLC will
request the sender to resend that particular packet.
Physical Layer
Deals with the transmission of 0s
and 1s over the physical media
Encode bits into signals
Carry data from the higher
layers
Cabling
Interconnect methods
(topology/devices)
Electrical properties
Examples:
3
– Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
– Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
– Wireless (IEEE 802.11b)
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible
for the movement of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next.
Role of Layers
Node A
7. Application
6. Presentation
Data In
To/from
1. Physical Node B
Data Out
Communication Between Layers
7. Application
Data
Encapsulation
6. Presentation
Data
Stripping
5. Session
Formatting of Data Through the
Layers
Application Header Presentation Header Session Header
Network Header Transport Header
Data Link Header and Trailer Physical Frame Preamble
Packet : General Format
Header Trailer
Data
A general concept of packets serves as a prerequisite to
the understanding of the ISO-OSI model.
How Does It All Work Together
Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit
(PDU)
– PDU’s are used for peer-to-peer contact
between corresponding layers.
– Data is handled by the top three layers, then
Segmented by the Transport layer.
– The Network layer places it into packets and
the Data Link frames the packets for
transmission.
– Physical layer converts it to bits and sends it
out over the media.
2
– The receiving computer reverses the process
using the information contained in the PDU.
OSI layers
Data Encapsulation
At each layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack
Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer
underneath
PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a
packet at a particular TCP/IP protocol
e.g. header and trailer
Header
PDU’s own particular opening component
Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient
Trailer (or packet trailer)
– Provides data integrity checks for the payload
Encapsulation example: E-mail
Encapsulation
An exchange using the OSI model
The Postal Analogy
How would the OSI compare to the regular Post Office
Application A- Write a 20 page letter to a foreign country.
Presentation
P- Translate the letter so the receiver can read it.
S- Insure the intended recipient can receive letter.
Session
T- Separate and number pages. Like registered mail,
Transport tracks delivery and requests another package if one is
“lost” or “damaged” in the mail.
Network N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route
them closer to destination.
D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to
Data-Link deliver letters.
P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which
Physical carry letter between stations.
4 layers of the TCP/IP model
Layer 4: Application
Layer 3: Transport
Layer 2: Internet
Layer 1: Network access
It is important to note that some of the
layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
TCP/IP model
The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into
one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for
the next layer.
– FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ...
– Format of data, data structure, encode …
– Dialog control, session management …
Network Access Layer in TCP/IP model combines the
functions of Datalink Layer and Physical Layer.
TCP/IP protocol stack
TCP/IP Reference Model
Layer Protocols
Application HTTP TELNET FTP SMTP SNMP
Transport TCP UDP
Internet IP ICMP
Network Access
ETHERNET PACKET RADIO
(Host-to-network)
Protocols at the application layer
HTTP:
– browser and web server communicatin
FTP :
– file transfer protocol
TELNET:
– remote login protocol
POP3: Retrieve email
– POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has
downloaded it
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol )
– Retrieve emails,
– retaining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders on the serve
Protocols at the transport layer
Transmission control protocol (TCP),
– Connection oriented
Connection established before sending data
Reliable
user datagram protocol (UDP)
– Connectionless
Sending data without establishing connection
Fast but unreliable
Protocol at the network layer
IP
– Path selection ,
– routing and addressing
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )
– sends error messages relying on IP
a requested service is not available
a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the link layer
Ethernet
– Uses CSMA/CD
Token Ring
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card
Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application
How the OSI and TCP/IP Models Relate in a Networking Environment
OSI
OSI Model Equipment Words to TCP/IP
Model Pneumonic Equipment Data Protocols
Name Purpose Remember Model
Layer
Redirector,
Layer 7 Application All FTP, Telnet, Browsers Application
Regular Computer SMTP,
or A Special SNMP, Common Data
Layer 6 Presentation People Computer Data Application
Gateway. Used to Netware Format
combine networks Core
using different NFS, SQL, Dialogues and
Layer 5 Session Seem communication RPC, X-Win
Application
Conversations
protocols Quality of
Layer 4 Transport To Computer Segment TCP and UDP Service, and Transport
Reliability
Segment Network Routable
Path Selection,
into Smaller Protocols.
Layer 3 Network Need Router Packet (IP, IPX,
Routing, and Internet
Broadcast Addressing
AppleTalk)
Domains
Bridge (2
Data Link Segment Network NDIS, ODI, Frames and
Ports) or Network
Layer 2 -MAC Data into Smaller Frame MAC Address, Media Access
Switch and Ether Talk Control (MAC) Access
-LLC Collision Domains
NIC
Repeater,
One Collision AND
Hub (Multi- Signals and Network
Layer 1 Physical Processing One Broadcast Bit Physical
Media
port), Access
Domain
Cabling
Different Network topologies
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring topology
Questions .?
