BASIC-ELECTRONICS
RECTIFIERS
GROUP-MEMBERS:
• HUNAIN • ABDUL
AIJAZ RAHEEM
| HUNAIN AIJAZ |
DISCUSSION TOPICS:
• Introduction of Rectifier ?
• Rectifier & Rectification ?
• Uses of Rectifier ?
• Types of Rectifier ?
• Half-Wave Rectifier ?
• Construction of Half-Wave Rectifier ?
• Working of Half-Wave Rectifier ?
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Rectifier ?
• Usage of Half-Wave Rectifier ?
INTRODUCTION:
The electric power available is usually an alternating current (AC-Supply). The electric
power that supply to the industry and homes is alternating current (AC) but there are
many applications (electronic-circuit or devices), where direct current (DC) is needed.
So, it is important to have a circuit or device that can convert the alternating current
(AC) into direct Current (DC). The device which is used to do this operation is known as
rectifier.
RECTIFIER: & RECTIFICATION:
Rectifier is an electronic device, consist of one or more diodes, which is used to convert
alternating current (AC) into Direct current (DC) by allowing current to flow through it
in one direction only. This process is called as rectification.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Common electricity in our home is 220v ac and our most appliances like TV computer
charger tapes etc... … works at 5–30v dc…here needs the rectifier…the rectifier is
placed after a step down transformer that converts that ac into DC.
USES OF RECTIFIER:
The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply (AC to
DC converter). Virtually all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers are used inside
the power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment.
Rectifiers are used in various devices, including:
• A source of power supply (DC power supplies) instead of generating current.
• It can be used in many different types of electronics as a power source.
• Rectifiers can be used in Several household appliances use power rectifiers to create
power such as, laptops, TV sets and video game consoles.
• They can also be used in power supplies and radio signals.
• A rectifier can also detect the presence of flame.
TYPES OF RECTIFIER:
There are two types of rectifier.
• Half-Wave Rectifier • Full-Wave Rectifier
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Half-Wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc
voltage by utilize only one-half cycle (positive) of alternating current and suppresses the
other-half (negative) cycle.
CONSTRUCTION:
In a half-wave rectifier one end of the PN-Junction diode (D) is connected directly with
the transformer and other end in a series with load resistance (RL) to the transformer.
The diode is connected in series with the secondary winding of the transformer and the
load resistance (RL) element while the primary winding of the transformer is connected
to AC mains of the supply. as shown in figure given below.
WORKING:
PN junction diode conducts only during the forward bias condition. Half wave rectifier
uses the same principle as PN-Junction diode and thus converts AC to DC. Alternating
current is the input of the half wave rectifier. A step-down transformer takes input
voltages and the resulting output of the transformer is given to the diode and then to the
load resistance.
As We know that the AC voltage changes its polarity during every half cycle.
During the positive half cycle, when the secondary winding of the upper end is positive
with respect to the lower end, the diode is under forward bias condition and it conducts
current. During the positive half cycles, the input voltage is applied directly to the load
resistance when the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero. The wave
forms of output voltage and output current are same as the AC input voltage or current
of the positive half cycle.
During the negative half cycle, when the secondary winding of the lower end is positive
with respect to the upper end, the diode is under reverse bias condition and it does not
conduct current. During the negative half cycle, the voltage and current across the load
remains zero. The magnitude of the reverse current is very small and it is neglected. So,
no power is delivered during the negative half cycle.
CONCLUSION:
A series of positive half cycles is the output voltage that is developed across the load
resistance. The output is a pulsating DC wave and this whole procedure is known as
half-wave rectification.
It is not efficient because only half of the input wave form reaches the output.
OUTPUT WAVE-FORMS OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Thus, if we see the waveform of the half wave rectifiers, its clearly seen that it conducts
only for the positive half of the cycle. And for the other half the output is zero. Since it
rectifies only half of the input, it is called half wave rectification.
ADVANTAGES OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
• Cheap.
• Simple.
• Easy to use.
• Low number of components.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
• Since its ripple factor is very high, thus a big filtering circuit is required.
• The efficiency is very low since output is delivered only for half the time.
• Transformation Utilization factor is low.
• Saturation of the transformer core results in hysteresis losses.
USAGE:
Because of its demerits it cannot be used for general power supply but can be used for
charging of some kind of batteries.
|ABDUL RAHEEM|
DISCUSSION TOPICS:
• Full-Wave Rectifier.
• Types of Full-Wave Rectifier.
• Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Construction of Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Working of Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Construction of Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Working of Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier ?
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier ?
FULL-WAVE REACTIFIER:
Full-Wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc
voltage by utilize both half cycles of the applied ac voltage.
TYPES OF FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Full-Wave rectifier further divide into two types.
• Center-tapped full-wave rectifier.
• Bridge full-wave rectifier.
CENTER-TAPPED RECTIFIER:
A center tapped full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which uses a center tapped
transformer and two diodes to convert the complete AC signal into DC signal.
CONSTRUCTION:
The center-tapped full-wave rectifier made-up of two diodes (D1 & D2), one load
resistance (RL) and a center-tape transformer. One end of both diodes (D1 & D2) is
connected directly with the secondary winding of the transformer and the other ends
of both diodes is connected with the load resistance (RL) while the primary winding
of the transformer is connected to AC main supply as shown in figure.
Before going to the working of a center tapped full wave rectifier, let’s first take a look
at the center tapped transformer. Because the center tapped transformer plays a key
role in the center tapped full wave rectifier.
• What is center-tapped transformer?
• How it Works?
CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER:
When an additional wire is connected across the exact middle of the secondary winding
of a transformer, it is known as a center tapped transformer.
The wire is adjusted in such a way that it falls in the exact middle point of the
secondary winding. So, the wire is exactly at zero volts of the AC signal. This wire is
known as the center tap.
WORKING:
The center tapped transformer works almost similar to a normal transformer. Like a
normal transformer, the center tapped transformer also increases or reduces the AC
voltage. However, a center tapped transformer has another important feature. That is the
secondary winding of the center tapped transformer divides the input AC current or AC
signal (VP) into two parts.
The upper part of the secondary winding produces a positive voltage V1 and the lower
part of the secondary winding produces a negative voltage V2. When we combine these
two voltages at output load, we get a complete AC signal.
I.e. V(Total) = V1 + V2
The voltages V1 and V2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. That is the
voltages (V1 and V2) produced by the upper part and lower part of the secondary
winding are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. However, by using a full wave
rectifier with center tapped transformer, we can produce the voltages that are in phase
with each other. In simple words, by using a full wave rectifier with center tapped
transformer, we can produce a current that flows only in single direction.
WORKING OF CENTER-TAPPED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
When input AC voltage is applied, the secondary winding of the center tapped
transformer divides this input AC voltage into two parts: positive and negative.
POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE:
During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, terminal A become positive,
terminal B become negative and center tap is grounded (zero volts). The positive
terminal A is connected to the p-side of the diode D1 and the negative terminal B is
connected to the n-side of the diode D1. So, the diode D1 is forward biased during the
positive half cycle and allows electric current through it.
On the other hand, the negative terminal B is connected to the p-side of the diode D2 and
the positive terminal A is connected to the n-side of the diode D2. So, the diode D2 is
reverse biased during the positive half cycle and does not allow electric current through
it.
The diode D1 supplies DC current to the load RL. The DC current produced at the load
RL will return to the secondary winding through a center tap.
During the positive half cycle, current flows only in the upper part of the circuit while
the lower part of the circuit carry no current to the load because the diode D2 is reverse
biased. Thus, during the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, only diode D1 allows
electric current while diode D2 does not allow electric current.
NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE:
During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, terminal A become negative,
terminal B become positive and center tap is grounded (zero volts). The negative
terminal A is connected to the p-side of the diode D1 and the positive terminal B is
connected to the n-side of the diode D1. So, the diode D1 is reverse biased during the
negative half cycle and does not allow electric current through it.
On the other hand, the positive terminal B is connected to the p-side of the diode D2 and
the negative terminal A is connected to the n-side of the diode D2. So, the diode D2 is
forward biased during the negative half cycle and allows electric current through it.
The diode D2 supplies DC current to the load RL. The DC current produced at the load
RL will return to the secondary winding through a center tap.
During the negative half cycle, current flows only in the lower part of the circuit while
the upper part of the circuit carry no current to the load because the diode D1 is reverse
biased. Thus, during the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, only diode D2 allows
electric current while diode D1 does not allow electric current.
CONCLUSION:
Thus, the diode D1 allows electric current during the positive half cycle and diode
D2 allows electric current during the negative half cycle of the input AC signal. As a
result, both half cycles (positive and negative) of the input AC signal are allowed. So,
the output DC voltage is almost equal to the input AC voltage.
The diodes D1 and D2 are commonly connected to the load RL. So, the load current is
the sum of individual diode currents.
We know that a diode allows electric current in only one direction. From the above
diagram, we can see that both the diodes D1 and D2are allowing current in the same
direction.
We know that a current that flows in only single direction is called a direct current. So,
the resultant current at the output (load) is a direct current (DC). However, the direct
current appeared at the output is not a pure direct current but a pulsating direct current.
The value of the pulsating direct current changes with respect to time. This is due to the
ripples in the output signal. These ripples can be reduced by using filters such as
capacitor and inductor.
The average output DC voltage across the load resistor is double that of the single half
wave rectifier circuit.
OUTPUT WAVE-FORMS OF CENTER-TAPPED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER:
The output waveforms of the full wave rectifier are shown in the figure.
The first waveform represents an input AC signal. The second waveform and third
waveform represent the DC signals or DC current produced by diode D1 and diode D2.
The last waveform represents the total output DC current produced by diodes D1and D2.
From the above waveforms, we can conclude that the output current produced at the load
resistor is not a pure DC but a pulsating DC.
ADVANTAGES:
Full wave rectifier has high rectifier efficiency than the half wave rectifier. That means the full wave
rectifier converts AC to DC more efficiently than the half wave rectifier.
In a half wave rectifier, only half cycle (positive half cycle) is allowed and the remaining half cycle is
blocked. As a result, more than half of the voltage is wasted. But in full wave rectifier, both half cycles
(positive and negative half cycles) are allowed at the same time. So, no signal is wasted in a full wave
rectifier.
The output DC signal in full wave rectifier has fewer ripples than the half wave rectifier.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
The center tapped transformers are expensive and occupy a large space.
Each diode utilizes only one-half of the voltage developed in the transformer secondary, and thus the
DC output obtained is small.
It is difficult to locate the center on the secondary for the tapping.
BRIDGE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
A bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier which uses four or more diodes in a
bridge circuit configuration to efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into
Direct Current (DC).
CONSTRUCTION:
The bridge rectifier is made up of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3, D4 and load resistor
RL. The four diodes are connected in a closed loop (Bridge) configuration to efficiently
convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). The main advantage of
this bridge circuit configuration is that we do not require an expensive center tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its cost and size.
The input AC signal is applied across two terminals A and B and the output DC signal is
obtained across the load resistor (RL) which is connected between the terminals C and D.
WORKING:
When input AC signal is applied across the bridge
rectifier, during the positive half cycle diodes D1 and
D3 are forward biased and allows electric current
while the diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and
blocks electric current. On the other hand, during
the negative half cycle diodes D2 and D4 are
forward biased and allows electric current while
diodes D1 and D3 are reverse biased and blocks
electric current.
During the positive half cycle, the terminal A
becomes positive while the terminal B becomes
negative. This causes the diodes D1 and D3forward
biased and at the same time, it causes the diodes
D2 and D4reverse biased.
The current flow direction during the positive half
cycle is shown in the figure A (I.e. A to D to C to B).
During the negative half cycle, the
terminal B becomes positive while the
terminal A becomes negative. This
causes the diodes D2 and D4forward
biased and at the same time, it causes
the diodes D1 and D3 reverse biased.
The current flow direction during
negative half cycle is shown in the
below figure (I.e. B to D to C to A).
CONCLUSION:
From the above two figures, we can observe that the direction of current flow across
load resistor RL is same during the positive half cycle and negative half cycle.
Therefore, the polarity of the output DC signal is same for both positive and negative
half cycles. The output DC signal polarity may be either completely positive or negative.
In our case, it is completely positive. If the direction of diodes is reversed then we get a
complete negative DC voltage.
Thus, a bridge rectifier allows electric current during both positive and negative half
cycles of the input AC signal.
OUTPUT WAVE-FORMS OF BRIDGE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
The output waveforms of the bridge rectifier are shown in the below figure.
ADVANTAGES:
Full wave rectifier has high rectifier efficiency than the half wave rectifier. That means the full wave
rectifier converts AC to DC more efficiently than the half wave rectifier.
In a half wave rectifier, only half cycle (positive half cycle) is allowed and the remaining half cycle is
blocked. As a result, more than half of the voltage is wasted. But in full wave rectifier, both half cycles
(positive and negative half cycles) are allowed at the same time. So, no signal is wasted in a full wave
rectifier.
The output DC signal in full wave rectifier has fewer ripples than the half wave rectifier.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
It needs four diodes.
The use of two extra diodes cause an additional voltage drop thereby reducing the output voltage.
The circuit is not suitable when a small voltage is required to be rectified. It is because, in this case, the
two diodes are connected in series and offer double voltage drop due to their internal resistance.
TH ANKS FO R WATCH I NG !
