Audio System Engineering

ET60006

Dr. S. K. Das Mandal

Advance Technology Development Centre
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
[email protected]
 Course Contents
 Fundamentals of Vibration and equivalent
electrical circuits for mechanical oscillation
 The linear acoustic wave equation and
simple solutions
 Sound Reflection and Transmission
 Sound Absorption and Attenuation
 Large room and Small room acoustics
 Architectural acoustics
Loudspeaker and Microphone design
Audio system
 Course outcome
 Given the specification of an acoustic room (large room
or small room acoustic) determine the reverberation time,
mean free path, number of reflection per second, room
modes and minimum volume for large room acoustic .

 Given the specification for a auditorium or studio

requirement list the acoustical requirements and design
the acoustic part of the auditorium or studio.

 Given the necessary specification design the

microphone and loudspeaker

 Determine the sound reflection, transmission,

absorption, coefficients for a given acoustic source and
condition.
 Lecture-1

Fundamentals of Linear Vibrations

 The Simple Oscillator
f
s
m f   sx
x Hooke’s law

d 2x
f  m
dt 2
d 2x
m 2
 sx  0
dt
s
0 
2

m
d 2x
2
  2
x  0
dt 0

Completed general solution x  A1 cos(0t )  A2 sin(0t )

Initial Condition of trigonometric method of solution
x  A1 cos(0 t )  A2 sin(0 t )
u0
at t  0; A1  x0 and A2 
0
u0
x  x0 cos(0 t )  sin(0 t )    (1)
0
A1  A cos  and A2   A sin 
x  A cos(0 t   )
1
  u0  
2 2

at t  0; A   x 0  
2
   

  0   
 u0 
and   tan 1

  x 

 0 0 
u  U sin(0 t   ) where U  0 A

U   Speed Amplitude
a  0U cos(0 t   )
 Complex Exponential method of solution
x  A1e j0t  A2 e  j0t
u0
at t  0; A1  A2  x0 and A1  A2   j
0

1 u0 1 u0
A1  ( x0  j ) and A2  ( x0  j )
2 0 2 0
The real part of the complex solution is by itself a complete general
solution of the original real differential equation.

x  A1e j0t  A2 e  j0t

A1  a1  jb1 Re{x}  (a1  a2 ) cos(0t )  (b1  b2 ) sin(0t )
A2  a2  jb2
Apply initial condition
u0
x  x0 cos(0t )  sin(0t )
0
Similarly a complete solution is obtained if the x is
written in form of
x  Ae j0t whereA  a  ib
u  j 0 x
a   02 x Ae j (0t  )

Ae j
jb

a
 Energy of Vibration
x
1 2 1
E p   sxdx  sx  sA2 cos 2 (0t   )
0
2 2

1 1
Ek  mu  mU 2 sin 2 (0t   )
2

2 2
1 2 1
E  E p  Ek  sA cos (0t   )  mU 2 sin 2 (0t   )
2

2 2
1
 m 02 A2 s
2  
2
U  0 A
0
m
 Damped Oscillation

s
m

(dashpot )
Rm
u
d 2x dx
m 2
 Rm  sx  0
dt dt
d 2 x Rm dx s
2
  x0
dt m dt m
d 2x dx
2
 2    2
0 x  0
dt dt
Use a trial solution x = A et
  2 ( Aet )  2  ( Aet )  02 ( Aet )  0 or
  2     0
2 2
0

Two possible  ' s are :   (    2  02 )

If Rm is very small    j0

d  ( 2   2 ) then   (   jd ) Natural angular frequency of the

0
damped oscillator

x  e  t ( A1e jd t  A2 e  jd t )

x  Ae  t cos(d t   )   Temporal absorption coefficient

Relaxation time 0   System is no longer oscillatory

1
 0   System is critically damped

 Forced Oscillation
d 2x dx
2
 Rm   2
0 x  f (t )
dt dt

f (t )  F cos t

f (t )  Fe jt

d 2x dx j t x  Ae jt
 Rm   0
2
x  Fe
dt 2 dt

( A 2 m  jARm  As )e jt  Fe jt

Fe jt
1 Fe jt u
x Rm  j (m  s /  )
j Rm  j (m  s /  )
f
Zm 
u
 s
Z m  Rm  jX m X m  m 

Z m  Z m e j
f u  j x
u
Zm
f 1 Fe jt 1 Fe j (t  )
x  
j Z m j Z m e j j Zm
1 F (cos(t   )  j sin(t   )

j Zm

F
Re{ x}  sin(t   )
 Zm

F
Re{u}  cos(t   )
Zm
Instantaneous Power i
 i  fource.speed
F
 F cos t cos(t   )
Zm
Average Power 
T
1 F2

T 
0
Zm
cos t cos(t   )dt

2 T
F
 
Zm T 0
cos t cos(t   )dt

Rm
F2 2
F Rm cos  
 cos   Zm
2 Zm 2 Zm
2
 Mechanical Resonance

At   0 1 Fe jt
u res  ( F / Rm ) cos 0t x
j Rm  j (m  s /  )
xres  ( F / 0 Rm ) cos 0t

0
Quality factor Q 
u  l

Z m2  2 Rm2
Rm2  X m2  2 Rm2
X m2  Rm2  X m   Rm

u m  s / u  Rm
l m  s / l   Rm

u  l  Rm / m
Consider a tractor driving across a field that has undulations at
regular intervals. The distance between the bumps is about 4.2 m.
Because of safety reasons, the tractor does not have a suspension
system but the driver’s seat is attached to a spring to absorb some
of the shock as the tractor moves over rough ground. Assume the
spring constant to be 2.0104 N.m-1 and the mass of the seat to be
50 kg and the mass of the driver, 70 kg. The tractor is driven at 30
km.h-1 over the undulations.
Will an accident occur?

17
Tractor speed v = x / t = 30 km.h-1 = (30)(1000) / (3600) m.s-1
= 8.3 m.s-1
The time interval between hitting the bumps (x = 4.2 m)
t = x / v = (4.2 / 8.3) s = 0.51 s
Therefore, the frequency at which the tractor hits the bumps and
energy is supplied to the oscillating system of spring-seat-person
f = 1 / t = 1 / 0.51 = 2.0 Hz.
The natural frequency of vibration of the spring-seat-person is

1 k 1 2  104
f    2.1 Hz
2 m 2 120
Q1. A mass of 0.5 kg hangs on a spring. The stiffness of the spring is 100N/m
and the mechanical resistance is 1.4kg/s. The force (N) driving the system is f
= 2cos5t. (a) What will be the steady-state values of the speed amplitude and
average power dissipation? (b) Find the value of phase angle between speed
and force and resonance frequency

Q2. The human leg has a measured natural frequency of around 20 Hz when in
its rigid (knee locked) position, in the longitudinal direction (i.e., along the
length of the bone) assuming no damping. What will be the maximum
displacement and acceleration of the leg? At t=0 the initial speed u 0=0.06 m/s
and displacement x0=0.

Q3. Consider a mass-spring system described by the equation (1) Give the
value(s) of k for which the system is under damped over damped, and critically
damped. If the system is critically damped find out the characteristic time of
the system.
d 2x dx
2 2  3  kx  0 (1)
dt dt