Databases and Information Systems
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Life Without Databases: Lists
• Lists are often sufficient for simple tasks
• Not appropriate for complex information
• Multiple lists lead to
– Data redundancy
– Data inconsistency
– Duplicate data
– Sorting issues
– Incomplete data
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Databases
• Collections of related data
• Easily stored, sorted, organized, and queried
• Turn data into information
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Advantages of Using Databases
• Store and retrieve large quantities of information
• Enable information sharing
• Provide data centralization
• Promote data integrity
• Allow for flexible use of data.
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Disadvantages of Databases
• Complex to construct
• Time consuming
• Expensive
• Privacy concerns
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Database Terminology
• Field: A category of information, displayed in columns
• Record: A group of related fields
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Database Terminology
• Data type: Type of data that can be stored in a field
Data Type Used to Store Example of Data Stored in the Field
Text Alphabetic or alphanumeric data Mary, CIS110
Numeric Numbers 256, 1.347, $5600
Computational Computational formulas Credit hours x per-credit tuition charges
Date Dates in standard date notation 4/15/2012
Memo Long blocks of text Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent a
new nation, conceived in liberty, and
dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal.
Object Multimedia files or documents MP3 file, AVI file
Hyperlink A hyperlink to a Web page on the www.pearsonhighered.com/techinaction
Internet
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Database Terminology
• Table: A group of related records
• Primary key: A field value unique to a record
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Database Types
• Relational databases
– Organize data in tables
– Link tables to each other through their primary
keys
• Object-oriented databases
– Store data in objects
– Also store methods for processing data
– Handle unstructured data
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Database Types
• Multidimensional databases
– Store data in multiple dimensions
– Organize data in a cube format
– Can easily be customized
– Process data much faster
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Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Application software designed to capture
and analyze data
• Four main operations of a DBMS:
– Creating databases and entering data
– Viewing and sorting data
– Extracting data
– Outputting data
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Creating Databases and
Entering Data
• Create field
names
– Identify each
type
of data
– Data
dictionary (or
database
schema)
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Creating Databases and
Entering Data
• Create
individual
records
– Key in
– Import
– Input form
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Data Validation
• Validation
– Process of ensuring that data entered into
the database is correct (or at least
reasonable) and complete
• Validation rules
– Range checks
– Completeness checks
– Consistency checks
– Alphabetic/numeric checks
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Data Validation
• Example of a completeness check
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Viewing and Sorting Data
• Browse
through
records
• Sort records
by field name
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Extracting or Querying Data
• Query
– A question or
inquiry
– Provides
records based
on criteria
– Structured
Query
Language
(SQL)
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Structured Query Language
• Used to extract records from databases
• Original version developed in mid-1970s
and called SEQUEL
• SQL was introduced as commercial
product by Oracle in 1979.
• Uses relational algebra to extract data
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Outputting Data
• Reports
– Printed (or electronic) output
– Summary data reports
• Export data
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Relational Database Operations
• Relational
databases
organize data
into tables
• Relationships
are links
between tables
with related data
• Common field(s)
need to exist
between tables
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Types of Relationships
• One-to-one
– For each record in a table, only one corresponding record in a
related table
• One-to-many
– Only one instance of a record in one table; many instances in a
related table
• Many-to-many
– Records in one table related to many records in another
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Relational Database Operations
• Normalization of data (recording data
once) reduces data redundancy
• Foreign key: The primary key of one table
is included in another to establish
relationships with that other table
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Data Storage
• Data warehouse
– Large-scale
repository of data
– Organizes all the
data related to an
organization
– Data organized
by subject
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Populating Data Warehouses
• Source data
– Internal sources
• Company databases, etc.
– External sources
• Suppliers, vendors, etc.
– Customers or Web site visitors
• Clickstream data
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Data Staging
• Data staging
– Extract data from source
– Reformat the data
– Store the data
• Software programs and procedures
created to extract the data and reformat
it for storage
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Data Marts
• Small slices of data
• Data for a single department or for use
by specific employee groups
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Data Warehouse Process
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Managing Data:
Information Systems
• Information systems
– Software-based solutions used to gather and
analyze information
• Functions performed by information
systems include
– Acquiring data
– Processing data into information
– Storing data
– Providing output options
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)
• Keep track of
everyday
business
activities
• Batch
processing
• Real-time
processing
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Management Information Systems (MISs)
• Provide timely and accurate information for
managers in making business decisions
• Detail report:
– Transactions that
occur during a
period of time
• Summary report:
– Consolidated
detailed data
• Exception report:
– Unusual
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Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
• Help managers develop solutions for
specific problems
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Model Management Systems
• Software that assists in building management models in
DSSs
• Can be built to describe any business situation
• Typically contain financial and statistical analysis tools
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Knowledge-Based Systems
• Expert system: Replicates human experts
• Natural language processing (NLP) system:
Enables users to communicate with
computers using a natural spoken or written
language
• Artificial intelligence (AI): Branch of
computer science that deals with attempting
to create computers that think like humans
• Support concept of fuzzy logic
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Data Mining
• Process by which great amounts of data
are analyzed and investigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends
within the data
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Data Mining Methods
• Classification
– Define data classes
• Estimation
– Assign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules
– Determine which data goes together
• Clustering
– Organize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization
– Get a clear picture of what is happening
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Data Ethics
• Is data private any more?
• Daily life is recorded in many disparate
databases
– Credit card transactions
– Banking transactions
– Frequent buyer cards
– Toll records
– Prescription history and medical records
• Data convergence
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Protecting Your Data
• What can you do? Ask the following questions:
– For what purpose is the data being gathered?
– Are the reasons for gathering the data legitimate or
important to you?
– How will the information gathered be protected once it
has been obtained?
– Will the information collected be used for purposes
other than those for which it was originally collected?
– Could the information asked for be used for identity
theft?
– Are organizations that already have your data
safeguarding it?
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