Database Design
Database Design
Objectives :
– State the phases in database design
– Tell what is E-R Model
– Define Entity and Attributes
– List Attribute types
– List & Identify E-R notations
– Identify the need of normalization
– Explain what is Normalization
– State & demonstrate the use of Normal Forms
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Database Design
Phases in Database Design
Conceptual Design
– Data modeling ( E-R Diagrams)
– Normalisation
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Database Design - Phases
Processing
User Requirements Requirements
Requirements
Formulation & Analysis DBMS
Characteristics
Requirement Specifications
Conceptual Design
Information Structure
Implementation Design
Logical Database
Structure
Hardware,
Physical Operating System
Design Characteristics
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Entity Relationship Model
The Entity-Relationship (E-R) data model is
based on a perception of a real world that
consists of a basic set of objects called
entities, and of relationships among these
objects
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Entity Relationship Model
Facilitates database design
Represents overall logical structure of a
database
Useful in mapping the meanings and
interactions of real-world entities onto
conceptual schema
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Entity
An entity is a ‘thing’ or an ‘object’ in real
world that is distinguishable from all other
objects
An entity has a set of attributes that describe
the entity
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Entity - Examples
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Attribute
An entity has a set of attributes that describe
it
Values for some set of attributes may
uniquely identify that entity
Example :
Identify the attributes associated with
entities like employee, customer, vehicle.
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Relationship
A relationship is an association among
several entities
Cardinality of relationship
– Cardinality express the number of entities to
which another entity can associated via
relationship set
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Relationship
Cardinality Types
– One to One
– One to Many
– Many to One
– Many to Many
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Data Modeling : E-R Diagram
Entity Relationship Diagram
– Identifies data objects and their relationships
– Uses a graphical notation
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E-R Notations
Rectangle: Entity
– Data object in the system uniquely identifiable
by identifier
– Has attributes that describe it
– Example Employee
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E-R Notations
Ellipse: Attribute
– Describes an entity
– Example Ename
Empno
Employee
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E-R Notations
Diamond: Relationship
– Represents relationship among entities
– Relates two entities by identifiers
– Example
Works
M 1
Employee Department
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E-R Notations
Line: Link
– Links attributes to entities and entities to
relationship
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Un-normalised Data Structures
Contains redundant and disorganised data
Changing data in some tables can have
undesirable consequences called anomalies
Types of Anomalies
– Insertion
– Deletion
– Update
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Normalisation
An analytical technique used during logical
database design
Refinement of the Data Model
Segregation of data over many entities or tables
Offers a strategy for constructing tables and
identifying keys
Normalised model converted to physical database
tables
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Need for Normalisation
Improves database design
Ensures minimum redundancy of data
Reduces need to reorganise data when
design is modified / enhanced
Removes anomalies for database activities
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Why Normalize - 1
emp code emp name join date dept code dept name dept mngr dept bdgt
7369 shah 17-Dec-80 prch purchase roy 5
7499 ray 20-Dec-81 prch purchase roy 5
7521 jain 2-Apr-82 prch purchase roy 5
7654 gupta 28-Sep-79 info infosery rao 6.5
redundancy
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Why Normalize - 2
emp code emp name join date dept code dept name dept mngr dept bdgt
7369 shah 17-Dec-80 prch purchase roy 5
7499 ray 20-Dec-81 prch purchase roy 5
7521 jain 2-Apr-82 prch purchase roy 5
7654 gupta 28-Sep-79 info infosery rao 6.5
Deletion anomaly
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Why Normalize - 3
emp code emp name join date dept code dept name dept mngr dept bdgt
7369 shah 17-Dec-80 prch purchase roy 5
7499 ray 20-Dec-81 prch purchase roy 5
7521 jain 2-Apr-82 prch purchase roy 5
7654 gupta 28-Sep-79 info infosery rao 6.5
Update anomaly
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Why Normalize - 4
emp code emp name join date dept code dept name dept mngr dept bdgt
7369 shah 17-Dec-80 prch purchase roy 5
7499 ray 20-Dec-81 prch purchase roy 5
7521 jain 2-Apr-82 prch purchase roy 5
info infosery rao 6.5
Insertion anomaly
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Normalisation Forms
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
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