Further Investigations during 20th century
C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4CO + H2NRCOOH
C52H46O10(OCH3)COOH(OH)4 C=NRCOOH + H2O According to Waksman; 1. HS not specific cpds but a mixture of cpds non specific nature like cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, waxes etc. 2. Artificial cpds formed by the action of alkali solutions on the soil Waksman in his book Humus (1937, page 157) There is no doubt now that this complex originates mainly from the lignin constituents of plant residues, by various biological and chemical modifications; this fraction may, therefore, be included in the lignin group
Further Investigations during 20th century
Tyurim (1937) Book on The Organic Matter of Soils HS specific cpds methods adopted by Waksman to determine humus composition not correct and unsuitable
Springer (1934 35) also criticized Waksman and supported that HS exist as cpds of specific nature Lignoprotein cpds do not acquire new properties like increased exchange reactions Later many scientist showed: 1. Non lignin cpds can form HS in the soil 2. Microbial activity & metabolism play a major role 3. Aromatic cpds formed from aliphatic cpds including carbohydrates
Present Stage in Soil Humus Study
HS Structure, Composition and Properties Studied: X ray analysis, Electron Microscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatography in conjunction with chemical methods
HS formation complex transformation organic & biochemical Role microbes & animal kingdom Role of SOM in weathering of rocks and minerals, Soil Forming Processes, etc being studied Interaction between SOM and Minerals Participation in Physiological and Biochemical Processes in the plant
Books for Reading
1. Soil Organic Matter, its Nature, its Role in Soil formation and in Soil fertility. By kononova, M. M. 1966 2. Soil Components Vol.I. Organic Components By John E. Gieseking, 1975.
3. Soil Organic Matter By Schnitzer and Khan, 1978. 4. Soil Organic Matter and its Role in Crop Production By Allison 5. Chemistry of the Soil By F. E. Bear 6. Humus By S. A. Waksman
Books for Reading
7. Introduction to Soil Microbiology By Martin Alexander
8. Soil Biochemistry By A. D. Mclaren and G. H. Peterson, 1967 9. Study work on Soil Organic Matter and Soil Fertility By G. H. Peterson 10. Agrosphere Nutrient Dynamics, Ecology and Productivity By K. R. Krishna, 2003.
11. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. By Stevenson, F. J., 1982.
12. Cycles of Soil: C, N, P, S and Micronutrients By Stevenson, F. J., 1985.
Soil Organic Matter
1. General Types of Organic Materials 2. Specific Types of SOM Substances and Pools 3. SOM Decomposition 4. Soils and Soil Forming Processes 5. Factors and Processes that affect SOM Content
Soil Components
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Organic Matter (OM) versus Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Organic Matter (OM) the material of which organisms are composed. The material may be alive or dead, and may be found in the atmosphere, in organisms, or in the water and soil. OM may be from plant or animal tissues that contain C. There are many types of organic matter, and the C content varies widely.
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SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Fraction of the soil composed of anything that once lived The term "Soil organic matter" (SOM) has been used in different ways to describe the organic constituents of soil. SOM as defined by Baldock and Skjemstad (1999) is "all organic materials found in soils irrespective of origin or state of decomposition". Organic matter .is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil. Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological cycles
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Soil Organic Matter - (SOM) includes all OM fixed in place on the soil, or already incorporated into the soil. SOM inputs to the soil are from decomposing plants, vertebrates, invertebrates and microbes. Leachates from leaves (through rainfall) and exudates from plants and animals also added to SOM. SOM exists in some stage of decomposition. Decomposition begins as soon as a plant part dies or a leachate or exudate is released into the soil. In fact, some leaching of substances from plant parts begin before plant death, and some roots decompose while the plant is still alive (grasses).
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Organic matter is the vast array of carbon compounds in soil. Originally created by plants, microbes, and other organisms, these compounds play a variety of roles in nutrient, water, and biological cycles. Consists of: plant and animal remains in variable stages of decomposition Metabolic Products of microbes utilizing organic residues as a source of energy root and microbial exudates Products of secondary synthesis in the form of bacterial plasma Humus HS consisting of HA, FA, Humin, Hymatomelanic Acid
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
The first three categories form a group Consist of N and non N cpds CHOs, Proteins, Fats, Waxes, Organic Acids, Resins etc Constitute 10 15% of SOM Cpds that did not come under any existing organic molecules Nature, Origin and Properties not fully known Humic Substances Constitute 85 90% of SOM
Thus SOM has two types of cpds:
1. Organic Substances of non specific nature
2. Natural Humic Substances of specific nature
Humus
well-decomposed organic material dark brown, amorphous stable
poorly characterized chemically
~ 1-5 % of mineral soils
Distribution of humus forms in the soils of four great soil groups
Humus - Structure
colloids of polymeric nature structure: aromatic ring of di- or tri- hydroxy phenol type bridges: -O, -CH2-, -NH-, -N=, -S-
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Proximate Constituents of SOM: 1. Carbohydrates Mono and Di Sachharides Cellulose, Hemi cellulose, Pectins, Pentosans, Mannans, Polyuronides 2. Fats and Related cpds 3. Proteins and their derivatives albumins, amino acids, amides, Purine, Pyridine and Pyrimidine cpds, Org cpds
with N
4. Lignin and their derivatives precursors of lignin Decomposition products 5. Tannins in simple and condensed form 6. Resins and terpenes 7. Organic acids, aromatic cpds, hydrocarbons, alcohol and related cpds
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Proximate Constituents of SOM: Shmuk, 1930 1. Carbohydrates Pentoses, Pentosans, Hexoses, cellulose & early decomposition products 2. Hydrocarbons - Paraffin 3. Organic acids Oxalic acid, Succinic acid etc 4. Alcohols Mannitol 5. Esters Glycerides of Caproic and Oleic acid 6. Aldehydes Vannins, Salicylaldehyde 7. Resins 8. N containing cpds Argenine, Choline, Creatinine, Histidine etc
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Other Proximate Constituents identified: 1. Allantonins Shorey, 1938 2. Polyuronides Shorey & Martin, 1932; Waksman & Reuszer, 1932; Norman & Bartholomew, 1943 3. Uronic acids Rudakov and Birkal, 1949 4. Methylglyoxal (CH3COCOH) Enders, Hibbert, 1942 Primary Structural Element of Protolignins 5. Polysaccharides of Bacterial Origin Fuller, 1947; Forsyth, 1950 6. Amino sugars Glucosamine, Galactosamine Bremner and coworkers, 1954, 58 7. Carbohydrates and Organic acids of low molecular wejght Nagar, 1953 and Martin, 1954
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Methylglyoxal
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What constitutes Soil Organic Matter?
Litter: Macro organic matter (e.g. crop residues) that lies on the soil surface Light fraction: Plant residues and their partial decomposition products that. reside within the soil proper Microbial biomass: Cells of living microorganisms, notably bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi Faunal biomass: Tissues of animals (primarily invertebrates)
What constitutes Soil Organic Matter?
Below ground plant constituents: Primarily roots with lesser amounts of dead roots and exudates Water-soluble organics: Organic substances dissolved in the soil solution Stable humus: Humified remains of plant and animal tissues that have become stabilized by microbial and chemical transformations and/or by association with inorganic soil components
Organic Constituents of Soil
Non humic substances Lipids (1-6%) oSoluble in moderately hydrophobic solvents Carbohydrates (5-25%)
oLow concentrations of free sugars in the soil solution
oComplex carbohydrates that can be extracted and separated from other organic constituents oPolymers of various sizes and shapes that are so strongly attached to clay and/or humic colloids that they cannot be easily isolated, purified, or identified
Proteins/peptides/amino acids (9-16%)
Organic Constituents of Soil
Low concentrations of free amino acids in the soil solution oAmino acids, peptides, and proteins bound to clay minerals and humic colloids oMucopeptides and teichoic acids originating from bacterial cell walls Other (trace) Humic substances (up to 80%) Most active fraction of humus Series of highly acidic, yellow-to black-colored, polyeloctrolytes call humic and fulvic acids
Components of Soil Organic Matter
Soils with high organic matter content are the most productive, store more water and contribute to a better environment.
The Soil Biology Primer (Chapter 1): By Elaine R. Ingham and Small Organisms in the Soil Affect the Environment in Big Ways: www.iaswcd.org 29
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Composition of Soil Organic Matter
Hyphae Associated with Organic matter
Soil Organic Matter Content of Indian Soils
Soil Type Black Soil Red Soil
Range 0.7 4.31 1.3 4.12
Representative Values 1.39 1.14
Laterite Soil
Alluvial Soil
0.23 6.29
0.28 3.18
1.88
0.95
Soil Organic Matter Content of Mineral Soils
Alfisol
Aridisol Histosol Mollisol Oxisol Spodosol Vertisol
0.8 6.5
0.2 1.7 20 98 1.5 6.5 1.5 5.0 1.5 5.0 1.5 3.0
3.0
1.0 80.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 2.0
SOM versus Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
1. OM in not made up entirely of OC, there are other substances that make up about 40% of the weight. 2. % SOC x 1.724 = % SOM 3. % SOM x 0.58 = % SOC
4. The Van Bemmelen conversion factor is an average: The actual range in nature is between 0.2 and 3.0.
Total Soil C = Soil Inorganic C + Soil Organic Carbon
Total Soil C versus SOC
Soil inorganic carbon is most common in semiarid and arid
regions, but is also found in the eastern USA.
The main sources of inorganic C is from CaCO3 (a.k.a. calcite
or lime) as calcareous dust fall, from weathering of limestone and concrete, agricultural application, construction in cities, traffic on gravel roads, exposure of unweathered calcareous rock in mine spoil and pits, and from marl formation in wetland soils by periphyton algae in/under calcium-rich waters.
We directly measure total C by combustion at 550C, then
subtract the content of inorganic C measured by CO2 37 evolution to get the organic carbon portion.
