Foundation Mathematics
Topic 4 – Lecture 1: Introduction to
Differential Calculus
Introduction to Differentiation
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.2
Scope and Coverage
This topic will cover:
• An introduction to calculus as way of explaining rates
of change
• An introduction to the mathematical techniques used
during differentiation
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.3
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic students will be able to:
• Explain the rate of change of variables through
differentiation
• Understand rates of change as expressed by a curve
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.4
Calculus and Change
• When we consider relationships between any two
variables we are often required to consider:
- What happens to the relationship if one of our variables
should change.
- An obvious example is that as we grow during our childhood
years we get taller. Therefore our height changes over a
period of time.
- In this relationship our variables are time and height
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.5
Calculus and Change – Straight Lines - 1
• If we consider this relationship between height and time
it is possible to draw this information in a graphical form
150
140
130
Height cm 120 Gradient = y/x
110 y
100
90
80
70 x
60
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time - Years
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.6
Calculus and Change – Straight Lines 2
• This straight line relationship is expressed in the simple
formula y = mx + c
• This is very important as the gradient m is in fact the
rate of change of y in relation to x.
• In our example the gradient shows us how fast we are
growing over time.
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.7
Calculus and Change - Curves
• Although the simple, straight line can show how we can
determine rates of change, it is very unlikely in reality
that relationships are easily identified as “straight lines”.
• More often we will gather data which when plotted on a
graph will have a non linear or curved relationship
between the variables.
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.8
Plotting Curves
• The relationship between variables as a curve may be
illustrated if we consider the interest in a new holiday
destination
150
140
130
Visitors 1000s 120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time - Years
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.9
Tangent to the Curve
• This relationship shows clearly that the number of holiday visitors
to the new destination does not follow a straight line. However the
rate of change of this curve can be found by calculating the
gradient of the curve.
150
140
130
120
110
100
90 Tangent to the curve
80
70
60
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.10
Calculating the Gradient Using Tangents
• In this example the gradient of the curve is calculated by drawing a
tangent to the curve. A tangent is a straight line which touches the
curve at a particular point. The gradient of the tangent is the same as
the gradient of the curve at that particular point.
150
The gradient of the curve at the point
140
130 at which the tangent touches the
120 curve can be found through
110 calculating y/x
100
90
80 y
70
60 x
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.11
Gradients on a Curve
• Although this approach can be used it has a number of drawbacks
• It is often not accurate enough
• The gradient of curve will change depending upon where we place our
tangent
y
Large Negative Gradient Large Positive Gradient
Smaller Positive Gradient
Smaller Negative Gradient
x
Zero Gradient
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.12
Equation of a Curve
• Identifying rates of change through calculating the gradient of
straight lines and the gradient of a curve it can be seen that the
rate of change is as a consequence of the relationship between
y
the two variables expressed as
x
• However, as we have seen the gradient of a curve changes
depending on where on the graph the tangent is drawn therefore
y
is no longer suitable to express the gradient of a curve.
x
• When calculating the gradient of a curve we use the following
equation to represent a curved relationship
yx n
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.13
Introduction to Differential Calculus
• The gradient of a curve at any point on the curve is given by
its derived function thus if our equation for a curve is given
as xn
the derivedyfunction is dy
nx n 1
dx
• This formula is true for all values of n including fractional
dy
and negative indices. The expression , compares the dx rate
of change of y with that of x
• dy is not a multiple of d and y and dy cannot be separated
from dx
dy
• The process of finding dxis called differentiation
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.14
Differentiation
• Examples of differentiation
• If we have a curve with a relationship y x 2
• Differentiation of this curve using the formula
dy
nx n 1 gives us an answer of y 3x 2
dx
• As we can see the initial power of x 3reduced by a
is
2
factor of 1 to x
whilst the 3 now becomes the
coefficient of x that is 3x
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.15
Differential Calculus Examples - 1
1
• Ify this can be also written as x 1 therefore if
y and
x
we differentiate using the formula we get which
dy written
can be 1
x 2 as
dx x2
1
• If we consider y xthen this can be written as yx 2
1
dy 1 2 1 1
• By differentiation we get x 1
dx 2 2 x
2x 2
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.16
Differential Calculus Examples - 2
• When a power of x is multiplied by a constant, the
constant remains unchanged by the process of
differentiation. n dy
y ax , anx n 1
dx
• Hence if
dy
y 3x ,
4
3 4 x 3 12 x 3
dx
• This can be seen by example
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.17
Differential Calculus – Sum of Terms
• To differentiate an expression containing a sum of terms
we differentiate each individual term separately.
• Example:
dy
y 3 x 2 x 3, 3 2 x1 2 1x 0 0 6 x 2
2
dx
• As can be seen in this example x0 as with all values
raised to the power 0 is = 1
• The numerical value of + 3 at the end of the initial
equation is eliminated through differentiation
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.18
Introduction to Differential Calculus
• When dealing with this form of equation it is possible to
consider the following approach which would be found
by differentiation.
• If y ax 3
bx 2
cx d in which a, b, c and d are constants
• Differentiation would give us an expression thus:
dy
3ax 2 2bx c
dx
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Introduction to Differential Calculus 1 Topic 4 - 1.19
Topic 4 – Introduction to Differential Calculus 1
Any Questions?
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