Occupational Health & Safety,

Management System
Based on
OHSAS 18001:2007

Quality Concerns
quality concerns
This course is intended to give you
the knowledge, skills and attitudes,
necessary for the development of a
competent OHS Professional.
What do we want to learn from this course
 What is an OHS system.
 Core elements of OHS
 OHS terminology
 Understanding ISO 45001:2018
 OHS Hazard identification
 OHS Risk assessment.
 OHS Controls
 Implementing OHS Controls.
 Laws and regulatory requirements.
 Behaviour based Safety
 OHS Auditing.
 Why does an
organisation need an
OHS system ?
 To:

 Eliminate or minimise Risks to all

personnel
 Provide for healthy and safe
working conditions.
 Prevent accidents, ill health &
injuries
 Meet regulatory requirements
 Improve OHS performance
 To identify and eliminate hazards.
 To protect people and property.
 To avoid production stoppages
 To comply with legal requirements.
 Additional cost to replace injured personnel
 Emergency supplies, cleanup costs
 Investigation costs
 Legal procedures and liability payment costs
 Morale and motivation of workers and new hires
 Loss of reputation, goodwill and opportunities.
A good system has at least 4
Parts.
 Completely documented (P)
 Effectively Implemented (D)
 Ability to check & correct (C)
 Improve itself. (I)
OHS is based on PDCI cycle
Plan

Improve Do

Check
 OHS is applicable to:

 All people working at an organisation

(Employee, Contractor, Visitor, Public.)
 All organisational activities (routine
or non-routine)
 All organisational equipment
 All organisational locations
Injuries & Workplace
Illnesses Fatalities
Year Number Year Number
1995 6.6 million 1995 6275
1996 6.2 million 1996 6202
1997 6.1 million 1997 6238
1998 5.9 million 1998 6055
1999 5.7 million 1999 6054
2000 5.7 million 2000 5920
2001 5.2 million 2001 5915
2002 4.7 million 2002 5534
2003 4.4 million 2003 5575
2004 4.3 million 2004 5703
 The DuPont Principle

Most process and personal

incidents, injuries and

accidents are caused by

unsafe acts and behaviors,

not conditions and equipment

 The Causes of Injury
Unsafe
Conditions
4%

96%
Unsafe
Acts
 Unsafe acts :
 Unauthorized use or operation of equipment.
 Operating or working at an unsafe speed. This includes
running and jumping or taking shortcuts.
 Failure to warn or signal when moving carts or other
equipment around corners and in blind spots to alert others to
your location.
 Removing or making safety devices inoperative (For
example taking guards off of equipment).
 Using defective tools or equipment.
 Using tools or equipment in an unsafe manner.
 Standing in an unsafe place or assuming an unsafe posture.
 Servicing moving or working equipment.
 Riding hazardous moving equipment.
 Engaging in horseplay
 Failure to wear personal protective equipment.
 Unsafe conditions :
__Lack of adequate guards or safety devices.
__Lack of adequate warning systems (e.g. fire alarms, etc.)
__Fire and explosion hazards.
__Unexpected movement hazards.
__Poor housekeeping, especially slippery surfaces.
__Protruding object hazards.
__Close clearance and congestion hazards (e.g. blind
corners).
__Hazardous atmospheric conditions (e.g. ice, snow, rain,
heat, sun).
__Hazardous arrangement, placement, storage.
__Hazardous defects in tools, equipment, etc.
__Inadequate illumination, intense noise.
__Hazardous personal attire.
 The Safety Pyramid
Employee slips on water, falls, hits
head on storage racking, heavy
stored items fall on employee,
employee dies.

Employee slips on water,

falls, breaks leg.

Employee slips on
water, sprains ankle.
Employee slips on
water, regains
balance.
Pool of water from
central heating
leak.Repair not carried
out and/or water not
cleared up
 Why
Do we need
an OHS System?
 At least 350 million
occupational accidents
occur every year
worldwide.
 350,000
of these accidents are
fatal (result in death)
 The number of fatal
accidents is much higher in
developing countries than
in industrialized ones.
Labour Codes often create obligations
for employers regarding employee
safety and health: Employers must
provide employees with:

a. A safe work place;

b. Health and safety training;
c. Personal protective equipment,
clothing, devices or materials; and
a. Health and safety procedures
Safety makes economic sense.
• Loss of business
• Loss of reputation;
• Legal fees
• Damage claims;
• Medical costs,
• Cost of lost use of equipment
• Time lost by injured person
• Increased insurance premiums;
• Machine recovery and clean-up;
• Fines.
 Occupational Health and Safety

The discipline concerned

with saving and protecting
people and property in the
workplace.
 Occupational Health and Safety

Conditions and factors that affect

the well being of employees,
temporary workers, contractor
personnel, visitors and any other
person in the workplace.
 Occupational Health

Occupational illnesses
+
Work related injuries
Occupational Health & Safety

Conditions and factors that

affect or could affect the
health and safety of
employees or other workers ,
visitors or any other person in
the workplace.
 Safety

Freedom from
unacceptable risk of harm.
 Hazard is the potential to
cause harm,
Source or situation with a potential
for harm in terms of human injury or
ill health, damage to the property,
damage to the workplace
environment, or a combination of
these.
 Hazard Identification
Process of recognizing that a
hazard exists and defining its
characteristics.
 Why Hazard & Risk Assessment

(a) To know the OH&S hazards and

risks involved.
(a) To classify high risk activities.

(b) To establish objectives and / or

controls to avoid harm by proactively
Eliminating, Reducing, Isolating or
Controlling hazards and risks.
 Risk
Combination of likelihood and
consequences of a specified
hazardous event.
• Everything we do exposes us to
hazards.

• However, it is HOW we do
things that determines the risk.
Conditions under which
an activity takes place,
or a substance is used
may change the level of
risk.
Electric cabling is a hazard.
Well insulated, well laid out cabling may
offer a very slight risk.

Poorly insulated, snapped or naked

cables offer a very high risk.
Uneven floor is a Hazard

Its Risks are, Slips, trips or falls

The Risks are made greater by :

Holes in floors,
Wet surfaces,
Poor lighting,
Slope
Broken surface, etc.
 Tolerable Risk
Risk that has been reduced to a
level, that it can be endured by an
organisation with regard to:

 Legal requirements
 Company policy
 Views of Interested Parties
Interested parties
Individual or group concerned
with or affected by the OHS
performance of an
organisation.
 Interested parties
 Employers
CONTRACTORS

 Contractors
 Workers, UnionsWH&S REP. WORKERS

 Visitors
 Government / Regulatory bodies
 Public
 Incident
Work-related event(s) in which
an injury or ill health or
fatality occurred, or could have
occurred.
 Accident
is an incident which has
given rise to injury, ill
health or fatality.

Formerly termed as “Acts of God”

 Near-miss
An incident where no injury, ill
health, or fatality occurs may
also be referred to as a “near-
miss”, "near-hit", "close call"
or "dangerous occurrence".
 Ergonomics Hazards
Physical
• Poor work/task design
• Repetitive motion
• Prolonged sitting
• Poor layout
• Inappropriate Posture
• Improper lifting and handling
• Improper light, temp. , dust, humidity
Physical Hazards
a) Inappropriate posture
b) Workplace design
c) Handling hazards
d) Absence of foot protection
e) Overload lifting
f) Lack of emergency exits
Mechanical Hazards
(associated with power driven machines)

 Body contact with sharp edges

 Shearing machines hazard
 Crushing
 Puncturing
 Unguarded machines
 Breaking
Mechanical Hazards
(associated with power driven machines)

 Inadequate installations of machine (m/c),

 Flying metal chips
 Chemical and hot metal splashes
 Circular saws
 Machine malfunction [mechanical/ electrical (m/e)
failure]
 Falling objects on a moving machine
 Absence of lockout & tag out
Falling Hazards
a) Foreign object on a walking surface,
b) Design flaw on a walking surface,
c) Slippery surface,
d) Individual impaired physical
conditions,
e) Hole on the floor,
f) Missing stair/ladders/plank,
Inadequate maintenance of
platforms/walkways at heigh
Impact & Acceleration

a) Falling objects from

height,
b) Movement of
lifters/cranes/vehicles
Heat & Temperature
a) Heat conduction i-e heat transfer
through mechanical contact
b) Heat convection i-e transfer of heat
by way of gases,
c) Excessive exposure to sun in
extreme climate,
d) Body contact with hot object/gases/
machine
Pressure Hazards
 Boiler,
 Furnaces,
 Pressure vessels,
 Design construction and installation
errors,
 Poor or insufficient training of operator,
 Reducing pressure / water hammering
 Mechanical breakdown or failure,
 Failure or blockage of control and/or
safety device,
Contd. Pressure Hazards
 Absence of /insufficient inspections/
monitoring/preventive
 maintenance
 Leak, pulsation, vibration
 Release of high pressure gases
Inadequate support of pressure pipelines
Electrical Hazards
 Non-insulated wire
 Deteriorated wire
 Absence/inadequate earthing
 Working with electrical equipment of
damped floor
 Static electricity discharge (rubbing of
non conductive material over
stationary surface
Moving large sheets of plastics
Contd. Electrical Hazards

 Conveyor belts
 Friction between flowing liquid and solid surface
 Use of conducting ladders
 Lightning strikes
 Absence of explosion / fire proof devices
 Electrical hot work
 Absence/inadequate PPE during electrical work,
 Load factor balance
 Absence/inadequate identification of switches, breakers,
distribution boards.
 Conductor carrying current in close proximity of flammable
 Gases.
Fire Hazards
a) Hot work
b) Open fire
c) Vehicle movement near flammable
gases
d) Smoking
e) Use of mobile phones near
flammable gases
f) Weeds growth
g) Static charge
h) Open wiring
i) Oil spillage
j) Leakage
k) Lightning
Contd. Fire Hazards

a) Explosion
b) Use of fire arms
c) Terrorist attack
d) Improper storage of flammable
materials
 Chemical Hazards
• Explosives
• Flammable liquids
• Corrosives
• Oxidizing materials
• Toxic, carcinogenic substances
• Gases and air particulate
Toxicity & Explosion
a) Presence of airborne toxic substances
b) Spills from container or damage to a pipe carrying
toxic liquid,
c) Storage and handling
d) Leakage of oxygen diluting gases ( N2, CO2, ethane,
hydrogen, methane) or anaesthetics ( acetone, methyl
ethyl ketone, acetylene, ether, chloroform)
e) Lack of ventilation in rooms containing toxic
substances,
f) Non-insulated source carrying current /charge /spark.
g) Dip tanks
h) Drying ovens
Cont. Toxicity & Explosion
i) Oil burners
j) Cleaning metal parts with flammable solvents
k) I/C engines (fork lifters, lift trucks, vehicles)
near flammable gases.
l) Smoking near flammable / explosive material
m) Static electricity near flammable / explosive
material
Radioactivity / radiation
Ionized Radiation: (above 300 MHz)
a) Radiography
b) Non destructive testing
c) Storage of radioactive material
d) Absence or inadequacy of monitoring devices (film badges,
pocket chambers, film rings).

Non-ionized Radiation: ( From 0 to 300 MHz)

a) Visible radiation (light source that can cause distraction),
b) UV radiation (sun, LASER, welding arcs, UV lamps, high
temperature processes such as production of glass or steel.)
c) Electromagnetic radiation generated from power lines.
Noise:

a) Prolonged exposure to noise levels greater than 90

dBA* without PPE
b) Continuous exposure of 115dBA or higher
c) Impulse exposure should be limited to 140 dBA.
d) Pump rooms
e) Generator rooms
f) Maintenance workshops

* dBA … Decibel: unit of measuring noise.

Vibration:
 Use of power tools
 Maintenance work
 Biological Hazards
• Biological Wastes (blood, fluids,
cultures etc)
• Drug (antibiotics, marijuana)
• Viruses, bacteria
• Parasites, insects
• Poisonous or diseased plants, animals
 Controls
Controls are the precautions taken to
prevent or reduce the risk of a hazard
causing an accident with the potential
for loss
(e.g; “Defensive Driving Training / SOP /
Planned Inspections, machine guards)
 Operational Controls (OHS):
All those measures which can control the risk,
such as:
 SOP

 Maintenance and Inspection Programs

 Permit to Work System

 Purchasing Control

 Contractor SHE Program.

 Employee health monitoring program

 Substitution of products with less hazardous /

non-hazardous products.
 Operational Controls (OHS):
 Ergonomically designed tools, equipment
and workstations.
 Isolation or enclosure of hazardous
processes or noisy equipment.
 Mechanical exhaust systems / booths for
controlling toxic materials.
 Operational Controls (OHS):
 Electrical or mechanical safety interlocks
 Machine guards
 Shutdown and lockout machinery and processes when
performing service or repair.
 Safety devices (Relieve valves, NRVs, indicators etc.),
 measuring or monitoring devices / gauges,
computerized feedback monitoring and control
systems.
 Environmental friendly disposal or treatment systems
etc.
 Fire prevention/suppression systems.
 Hierarchy of Operational
Controls
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Controls
4. Administrative Controls, Signage,
Warnings
5. PPE
 Controls Exercise
• Give 2 examples of each
type of control
 Key Performance Indicators
 Percent completion of safety meeting.
 Percent completion of safety inspections (fire extinguishers,
eyewash/safety shower).
 Percent completion safety work orders or safety action plans.
 Percent attendance at safety meetings and emergency response
training.
 Percent compliance with hot work, lock and tag, confined space
entry permits.
 Number of spills, fires, injury incidents as percent of historical
average.
 Percent of scheduled safety/behavioural observations.
 Percent adherence to PPE requirements.
 Percent of scheduled departmental audits/inspections.
 Percent of Job Safety Analyses (JSAs) performed.
 Lagging indicators
• Lagging indicators monitor the
outputs from the process.
Corrective action is taken if the
outputs deviate from the required
standard. The control is re-active
as corrective action can not be
initiated until the unwanted
outputs have occurred.
Lagging indicators measure OUTPUT from a Process
 Proactive Feedback and Control
Leading indicators measure INPUTS of a Process
Performance Indicators

Weighted average of
Leading

Improving Performance
Weighted average of lagging Performance indicators

Presentation of Leading and Lagging

Performance Indicators
 Level 1 Leading KPIs
 Whether a safety policy has been published.
 % of applicable legislation addressed by Company procedures.
 % statutory training completed (e.g. COSHH assessors; DGSA;
 Extent of communications of statutory requirements to
employees.
 Number of training hours logged per period.
 % management and supervisors job descriptions that contain
specific health and safety responsibilities.
 % of Safety Management System that is compliant with current
guidance (e.g. FWS OHS, OHSAS18001).
 Number of completed monitor/ audit/ review activities versus
number planned.
 Number of management safety visits completed against number
planned.
 Trend of non-compliances noted from working practices.
 % COSHH, Manual Handling, reviewed per period.
 Level 2 Leading KPIs
 Whether a safety policy has been adequately communicated
 Perceptions of management commitment to safety
 Number and effectiveness of senior managers’ safety tours
 The extent to which plans and objectives have been set and achieved
 The percentage of planned safety training completed
 Number of risk assessments updated as a result of changes in work-
scope
 Number of manual handling assessments completed as percentage of
those required
 Extent of compliance with risk control measures
 Number of suggestions for safety improvements
 Number of safety audits planned and completed
 Safety audit recommendations closed out on time
 Time to implement action on complaints or suggestions
 Frequency and effectiveness of safety briefings
 Number of additional control measures identified at site during
execution of work
 Level 3 Leading KPIs
 % of staff with agreed Safety Case responsibilities & accountabilities
 % of planned training courses completed
 % of identified competency gaps addressed
 % of planned equipment tests meeting performance criteria, e.g. %
of Emergency Shut Down valves that close in required time
 Number of critical drawings awaiting updating
 Number of issues from technical concerns register that have been
closed out.
 % of jobs for which risk assessments are carried out
 % reduction in exposure hours for hazardous activities
 % of work site inspections carried out against planned requirement
 % of jobs with hazard assessments
 % of permits to work reviewed and controls found to meet
requirements
 % of computer work places with completed DSE (display screen
equipment) user assessments completed.
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
 Task KPI

1 Annual HSE action plan Number of actions taken related to

completion the total number of actions in the
action plan

2 Risk analysis Number of risk analysis achieved

e.g. no. of HAZOP achieved

3 Operating procedures no. of procedures written /requested

No. of updated procedures vs total
procedures
4 Training Number of training hours dedicated to
HSE matters
Training in HSE vs total training
 Task KPI

5 Follow up of External Number of training hours

Contractors Number of inspections hours

6 Site inspection by line Number of inspections made vs

management number of inspections planned
Every month inspections done by each
manager
7 Emergency planning Number of exercises/tests done
Number of people involved
Number of equipment involved
8 Critical equipment Number of inspections done vs
inspection required inspections
 Task KPI

9 Management of Number of modifications achieved

Change according to procedure

10 Improvement Number of safety improvement

suggestions suggestions collected

11 Behavioural Safety behaviour assessment

Safety Number of unsafe acts observed vs total
number of jobs observed
Percentage of safe behaviour
assessment
12 Safety Meetings • Number of safety meetings per year and
number of man hours worked
•number of safety meetings held vs planned
 Risk Assessment

Overall process of estimating the

magnitude of risk and deciding
whether or not the risk is tolerable.