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DSP Lec3

The document discusses digital signal processing topics like oversampling, undersampling, quantization, and quantization noise. Oversampling means sampling a signal at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate, while undersampling is sampling at a rate lower than the Nyquist rate and can cause aliasing. Quantization is the process of representing continuous amplitude values with a finite number of levels, introducing quantization error and quantization noise.

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35 views8 pages

DSP Lec3

The document discusses digital signal processing topics like oversampling, undersampling, quantization, and quantization noise. Oversampling means sampling a signal at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate, while undersampling is sampling at a rate lower than the Nyquist rate and can cause aliasing. Quantization is the process of representing continuous amplitude values with a finite number of levels, introducing quantization error and quantization noise.

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sadia mushtaq
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DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
Bushra Bashir Chaoudhry
Last time we left our here
Oversampling

■ If we sample at a rate greater than the Nyquist rate, we say we are doing oversampling.
■ If we are sampling signal, the Nyquist rate is samples/sec. e.g.

■ If we are sampling at times the Nyquist rate then sampling frequency samples/sec.
Oversampling
■ This will yield a normalized frequency at
■ Since we are sampling at a rate greater than the Nyquist rate the normalized (Discrete
frequency) will be less than 𝝅, which means it is the principle alias.
■ We get back the original signal when we do the reconstruction.
Undersampling
■ When we sample at a rate which is less than the Nyquist rate, we say we are
undersampling and aliasing will yield misleading results.
■ If we are sampling a signal, the Nyquist rate is samples/sec. e.g.
=>
■ If we sample at times the Nyquist rate then .
Quantization
■ After the sampling we have a sequence of numbers which can theoretically still take on
any value on a continuous range of values. Because this range is continuous, there are
infinitely many possible values for each number.
■ We must represent our numbers with a finite number of digits, that is: after discretizing
the time-variable, we now have to discretize the amplitude-variable as well. This
discretization of the amplitude values is called “quantization”.
■ Example
– Assume, our sequence takes on values in the range between −Now assume that we
must represent each number from this range with just two decimal digits: one
before and one after the point.
– Our possible amplitude values are therefore:
– These are exactly distinct levels for the amplitude and we will denote this number
of quantization levels with .
– Each level is a step of 0.1 higher than its predecessor and we will denote this
quantization step_size as .
Quantization (Cont’d)
– Now we assign to each number from our continuous range that quantization level
which is closest to our actual amplitude: the range maps to quantization level , the
range maps to and so on.
– That mapping can be viewed as a piecewise constant function acting on our
continuous amplitude variable .
Quantization Noise
■ When forcing an arbitrary signal value to its closest quantization level , this value can
be seen as plus some error. We will denote that error as (for quantization error) and so
we have

■ The quantization error is restricted to the range We will never make an error larger than
half of the quantization step size.
■ We’ll see quantization example in class to demonstrate the whole process.

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