Data Encoding and Transmission

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Simplified Data Communications Model

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S(t) = A sin(2ft + Φ)

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Terminology

 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Medium
 Guided medium
 E.g., twisted pair, optical fiber
 Unguided medium
 E.g., air, water, vacuum

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Terminology

 Direct link
 No intermediate devices
 Point-to-point
 Direct link
 Only 2 devices share link
 Multi-point
 More than two devices share the link

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Terminology

 Simplex
 One direction
 e.g., television

 Half duplex
 Either direction, but only one way at
a time
 e.g. police radio

 Full duplex
 Both directions at the same time
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Analog and Digital Data Transmission

 Data
 Entities that convey meaning
 Signals
 Electric or electromagnetic representations of
data
 Transmission
 Communication of data by propagation and
processing of signals

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Data

 Analog
 Continuous values within some interval
 e.g., sound, video

 Digital
 Discrete values
 e.g., text, integers

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Signals

 Means by which data are propagated

 Analog
 Continuously variable
 Various media
 e.g., wire, fiber optic, space

 Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz

 Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
 Video bandwidth 4MHz

 Digital
 Use two DC components
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Data and Signals

 Usually use digital signals for digital data and

analog signals for analog data
 Can use analog signal to carry digital data
 Modem

 Can use digital signal to carry analog data

 Compact Disc audio

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Analog Transmission

 Analog signal transmitted without regard to

content
 May be analog or digital data
 Attenuated over distance
 Use amplifiers to boost signal
 Also amplifies noise

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Digital Transmission

 Concerned with content

 Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.
 Repeaters used
 Repeater receives signal
 Extracts bit pattern
 Retransmits
 Attenuation is overcome
 Noise is not amplified

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Advantages/Disadvantages of Digital

 Cheaper
 Less susceptible to noise
 Greater attenuation
 Pulses become rounded and smaller
 Leads to loss of information

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Attenuation of Digital Signals

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Interpreting Signals

 Need to know
 Timing of bits - when they start and end
 Signal levels
 Factors affecting successful interpreting of
signals
 Signal to noise ratio
 Data rate
 Bandwidth
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Encoding Schemes

 Non-return to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

 Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
 Bipolar –AMI
 Pseudoternary
 Manchester
 Differential Manchester

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Non-Return to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

 Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits

 Voltage constant during bit interval
 No transition (i.e. no return to zero voltage)
 e.g., Absence of voltage for zero, constant
positive voltage for one
 More often, negative voltage for one value
and positive for the other
 This is NRZ-L
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Non-Return to Zero Inverted

 Nonreturn to zero inverted on ones

 Constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
 Data encoded as presence or absence of signal
transition at beginning of bit time
 Transition (low to high or high to low) denotes a
binary 1
 No transition denotes binary 0
 An example of differential encoding

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NRZ

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Differential Encoding

 Data represented by changes rather than

levels
 More reliable detection of transition rather
than level
 In complex transmission layouts it is easy to
lose sense of polarity

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Summary of Encodings

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NRZs Pros and Cons

 Pros
 Easy to engineer
 Make good use of bandwidth
 Cons
 DC component
 Lack of synchronization capability
 Used for magnetic recording
 Not often used for signal transmission
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Biphase

 Manchester
 Transition in middle of each bit period
 Transition serves as clock and data
 Low to high represents one
 High to low represents zero
 Used by IEEE 802.3
 Differential Manchester
 Mid-bit transition is clocking only
 Transition at start of a bit period represents zero
 No transition at start of a bit period represents
one
 Note: this is a differential encoding scheme
 Used by IEEE 802.5 23
Biphase Pros and Cons

 Con
 At least one transition per bit time and possibly two
 Maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ
 Requires more bandwidth

 Pros
 Synchronization on mid bit transition (self clocking)
 No dc component
 Error detection
 Absence of expected transition

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Asynchronous/Synchronous Transmission

 Timing problems require a mechanism

to synchronize the transmitter and
receiver
 Two solutions
 Asynchronous
 Synchronous

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Asynchronous

 Data transmitted one character at a

time
 5 to 8 bits
 Timing only needs maintaining within
each character
 Resync with each character

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Asynchronous (Diagram)

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Asynchronous - Behavior

 In a steady stream, interval between characters is uniform

(length of stop element)
 In idle state, receiver looks for transition 1 to 0
 Then samples next seven intervals (char length)
 Then looks for next 1 to 0 for next char
 Simple
 Cheap
 Overhead of 2 or 3 bits per char (~20%)
 Good for data with large gaps (keyboard)

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Synchronous – Bit Level

 Block of data transmitted without start or stop bits

 Clocks must be synchronized
 Can use separate clock line
 Good over short distances
 Subject to impairments

 Embed clock signal in data

 Manchester encoding
 Carrier frequency (analog)

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Synchronous – Block Level

 Need to indicate start and end of block

 Use preamble and postamble
 e.g. series of SYN (hex 16) characters
 e.g. block of 11111111 patterns ending in
11111110
 More efficient (lower overhead) than
async
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Synchronous (diagram)

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