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Chapter 1
Vector Analysis
 Content
1. Introduction the Electromagnetic Study
Brief Flow Chart for Electromagnetic Study

2. Revision on Vector
Basic Law of Vector

Vector Multiplication

3. Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

Length, Area and Volume in Cartesian Coordinates

Length, Area and Volume in Cylindrical Coordinates

Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates

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 Brief Flow Chart for Electromagnetic Study

Electromagnetic Fields

Static Fields Dynamic Fields

(Time Independence) (Time Dependence)

Electrostatics Magnetostatics Electric Fields Magnetic Fields

Phenomenon
Electromagnetic Wave

Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics or electrical engineering in which electric and magnetic phenomena are studied

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 Sub-topics for Electromagnetic Study

Electromagnetic
Fields
Static Fields (Time Independence) Dynamic Fields (Time Dependence)

Electric Fields + Magnetic

Electrostatics Magnetostatics Fields
*Coulomb’s Law *Biot-Savart’s Law *Faraday’s Law
*Gauss’s Law *Gauss’s Law *Lenz’s Law
*Potential Gradient *Ampere’s Law *Maxwell’s Equations
*Laplace’s Equation *Lorentz Force Equation *Wave Equation
*Poisson’s Equation *Poynting’s Theorem

Electromagnetic Wave Phenomenon & Applications

*Snell’s Law

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 Basic Law of Vector (1)


1. A vector A has a

a) magnitude A  A

b) direction specified by a unit vector â


2. A vector A
 
A  aˆ A
 aˆA

3. The unit vector â is given by


A
aˆ  
A

A

A PREVIOUS NEXT
 Basic Law of Vector (2)
Example

The vector A may be represented as:
 
A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz A  xˆ 3 yˆ 2  zˆ 6


The magnitude of A

A A
A  32  2 2  6 2
 Ax2  Ay2  Az2 7


The direction of A
6

A
aˆ  xˆ 3  yˆ 2  zˆ 6
A aˆ 
2 7
xˆAx  yˆAy  zˆAz  xˆ 0.429  yˆ 0.286  zˆ 0.857
3 
Ax2  Ay2  Az2

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 Vector Multiplication (1)

1. There are two types of vector multiplication:

 
a) Scalar (or dot) product A  B
 
b) Vector (or cross) product A  B

 
2. The dot product of two vectors A and B is expressed as:
 
A  B  AB cos 
 
where  is the smaller angle between A and B

 
3. If A  Ax , Ay , Az  and B  B x , B y , B z 

 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

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 Vector Multiplication (2)

 
4. Two vectors A and B are said to be orthogonal (perpendicular)
 
with each other, if A B  0

 
5. The cross product of two vectors A and B is expressed as:
 
A  B  AB sin  aˆ n
 
where â n is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B

 
6. If A  Ax , Ay , Az  and B  B x , B y , B z 

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
 Ay B z  Az B y aˆ x   Az B x  Ax B z  aˆ y  Ax B y  Ay B x aˆ z
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 Vector Multiplication (3)
  The cross product
A B
Current

Direction of
field lines

Magnetic field

Motion of force

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Current
 Vector Multiplication (4)

Example:

Find the vector A directed  from (2, -4, 1) to (0, -2, 0) in Cartesian coordinates
A
and find the unit vector along .

Solution:

A   0  2  xˆ   2   4  yˆ   0  1 zˆ
 2 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ

 2    2    1
2 2 2
A
3


A 2 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ 2 2 1
aˆ     xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
A 3 3 3 3
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 Vector Multiplication (5)

Example:
Show vector  
and are
A  4 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ B  xˆ  4 yˆ  4 zˆ
perpendicular.

Solution:
 
A  B   4 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ    xˆ  4 yˆ  4 zˆ 
  4 1   2  4    1 4 
0
Since θ = 90o for perpendicular.

 
A  B  A B cos 
 
 A B cos 90o 
0
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 Vector Multiplication (4)
Example:
 
Given A  2 xˆ  4 yˆ and B  6 yˆ  4 zˆ , find the smaller angle, θ between them
using:
a) Cross product
b) Dot product

Solution:
Cross product

2   4   0 2  4.47
2 2
xˆ yˆ zˆ A 
 
A B  2 4 0 
02   6    4   7.21
2 2
B 
0 6 4
 
 16 xˆ  8 yˆ  12 zˆ  16   8   12   21.54
2 2 2
A B 
 
A  B  A B sin 

21.54
sin    0.668   41.9o
 4.47  7.21 PREVIOUS NEXT
Dot product
 
A  B   2  0    4  6    0  4   24
 
A B 24
cos       0.745   41.9o
A B  4.47  7.21

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Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

Z Z Z

P (x, y, z) P (ρ, Ø, z) P (ρ, Ø, θ)

θ
z z
Y Y Y
ρ ρ
x Ø
Ø
y
X X
X

  x2  y2  z 2 x   cos  x   cos 
y y   sin  y   sin 
  tan 1
x zz z   cos 
x2  y2
  tan 1

z
zz
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
 Length, Area and Volume in Cartesian Coordinates
Z
A B

C D

dl

G F
dz
H E
dy
dx
z dv  dx dy dz

dS ABCD  zˆ dx dy

0 dS HCDE  xˆ dy dz
Y 
dS FBDE  yˆ dxdz
x 
y dl  xˆ dx  yˆ dy  zˆ dz
dl 2  dx 2  dy 2  dz 2
X
P point is expanded from ( x, y, z ) to ( x+dx, y+dy, z+dz ). PREVIOUS NEXT
 Length, Area and Volume in Cylindrical Coordinates

Z G B

F
dz A dl C

ρ dØ
E
dρ
D

dv   d d dz

dS ABCD  ̂  d dz

z dS ADEF  ˆ d dz
0 Y 
ρ
dS AFGB  zˆ  d d
Ø 
dl  ˆ d ˆ  d  zˆ dz

X dl 2  d 2   2 d 2  dz 2
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P point is expanded from (ρ, Ø, z ) to (ρ+dρ, Ø +dØ, z+dz ).
 Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates

Z ρ sinθ dØ
dρ A
B

ρ dθ G
C
F
D
dl
θ
H
E

0
Y dv   2 sin  d d d
Ø ρ 
dS ABCD  ˆ  2 sin  d d

dS CDEH  ˆ  sin  d d

X dS BCHG  ˆ  d d

dl  ˆ d ˆ  d  ˆ  sin  d
dl 2  d 2   2 d 2   2 sin 2  d 2
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P point is expanded from (ρ, θ, Ø) to (ρ+dρ, θ+dθ, Ø+dØ ).
 Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates
Example:

Fill in the blanks in Figure 1

Figure 1
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 Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates

Example:
Write the relations between Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and cylindrical
coordinates (ρ, Ø, z) in Figure 2.

Figure 2
 Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates

Example:
Determine the area of a cylindrical surface as shown in Figure 3.

dS ABCD  ̂  d dz

h 2
S ABCD     d dz
0 1

3 2

0 1  5 d dz
 53  0 2  1 

Figure 3
 Length, Area and Volume in Spherical Coordinates

Example:
Determine the area of a spherical strip surface as shown in Figure 4.


dS ABCD  ˆ  2 sin  d d

2 2
S ABCD     2 sin  d d
0 1

 2 a 2 cos 1  cos  2 

 2 0.03 m  cos 30o  cos 60 o
2


Figure 4
Mathematics of Electromagnetic
 Mathematics for the Electromagnetics (1)
There are four mathematical topics which are often implemented in the solution to resolve
the electromagnetic problems.

1.Vector Algebra 2.Analytic Geometry

Magnitude and unit Cartesian coordinates.
vector. Cylindrical coordinates.
Vector addition. Spherical coordinates.
Dot product. Distance and angle
Cross product.

3.Vector Differential Operators

4. Vector Integral Theorems Gradient.
Gauss’s flux theorem. Divergence.
Stoke’s theorem. Curl.
Green’s theorem. Laplace’s equation & Possion’s equation.
Vector operator identities.
Wave equation
 Mathematics for the Electromagnetics (2)
Quantitative and qualitative information on vector differential operators
 
G & E are the vector gravitational field and vector electrostatic field, respectively. g and e are the
scalar potential due to gravitational field and vector electrostatic field, respectively. ρg and ρe are
the massive object density and charge density. g and ε are the constant values.
Operation Gravity Electrostatic General Physical Meaning

Grad,     Field direction and potential are

 g  G e  E
 perpendicular each of other. The
potential is proportional to the field.
Div,  Field direction is toward the far away
  
  from its source (ρg or ρe). The amount of
  G  g g  E  e 
field ‘flow’ away is equivalent to the
source.
Curl,

    No field exists in the rotational
  G  0  E  0
direction.

Laplace,
 2 2  Field is continuous across a certain
2  g  g  g  e   e  boundary (Boundary between two
mediums).
 Scope of Mathematics for the Electromagnetic Course
1. Vector Algebra 2. Analytic 3. Vector Differential 4. Vector Integral
Geometry Operators Theorems
 Magnitude and  Cartesian  Gradient.  Gauss’s flux
unit vector. coordinates. theorem.
 Divergence.
 Vector addition.  Cylindrical  Stoke’s theorem.
coordinates.  Curl.
 Dot product.  Green’s theorem.
 Spherical  Laplace’s equation &
 Cross product. coordinates. Possion’s equation.

 Distance and  Vector operator identities.

angle.

                             
Basic Vector Solve Space Pr oblems Describe Electromagnetic Phenomena Solve Electromagnetic
Phenomena in Space
 Quantitative and Qualitative Information on Vector Differential Operators
Operation Gravity Electrostatic General Physical Meaning
Grad,   
 g  G e  E  Field direction and potential are perpendicular each
 of other. The potential is proportional to the field.
Div,
     Field direction is toward the far away from its source
   G  g g   E  e  (ρg or ρe). The amount of field ‘flow’ away is
equivalent to the source.
Curl,
     No field exists in the rotational direction.
 G  0  E  0

Laplace, 2 2
2  g  g  g  e    e   Field is continuous across a certain boundary
 (Boundary between two mediums).

 
G and E are the vector gravitational field and vector electrostatic field, respectively. g and e are the
scalar potential due to gravitational field and vector electrostatic field, respectively. ρg and ρe are the
massive object density and charge density. g and ε are the constant values.
Historical Development of
Electromagnetic Waves
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb André-Marie Ampère Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
(1736 - 1806) (1775 - 1836) (1777 - 1855)

Jean-Baptiste Biot Felix Savart Michael Faraday

(1774-1862) (1791-1841) (1791 - 1867)
James Clerk Maxwell
(1831 - 1879)
Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace Siméon Denis Poisson Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz
(1749 –1827) (1781 –1840) (1804 - 1865)

Hendrik Lorentz John Henry Poynting

(1853 - 1928) (1852 –1914)
Similarities and differences between Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law

(1736 - 1806) (1777 - 1855)

Coulomb’s Law (Experimental Result) Gauss’s Law (Mathematical Derivation)

 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was the first to  Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first to
give definition to the phenomenon of force give definition to the phenomenon of the
between static charges in 1784. electric field in a static state in 1813.

 The experimental result conducted by C. A. de  The Gauss’s divergence theorem derived by

Coulomb, to describe the phenomenon of J. C. F. Gauss was applied into electrostatic
electrostatic force is called the Coulomb’s Law. fields is called the Gauss’s Law for the
electric field.

The Coulomb’s Law can be mathematically proof by Gauss’s divergence theorem vice versa. Thus, both
‘Law’ that apparently seems to be the same.
 Evolution of Electromagnetic Theory
Gauss’s Law (1813) Maxwell’s Equations (1861 and 1862)
Gauss's Law is only suitable  Before James Clerk Maxwell published his equations,
for static fields. Gauss’s Law, Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s Law were well
Ampere’s Law (1826) known.

Ampere’s Law is only valid  Maxwell has only derived equations in order to link all the
for steady-state current and ‘Laws’ together. Thus, the equations are normally not
‘closed paths’ cases. called as ‘Law’.
Faraday’s Law (1831)
Faraday’s Law is only based  Maxwell corrected the Ampere’s Law by adding the term
on experimental of displacement current. However, at that time, no any
observations. physical model or experimental work to justify Maxwell’s
equations (vector equations including the displacement
current term), thus the proposed theory seems incomplete
at Maxwell contemporaries. Thus, the equations did not
call as ‘Theorem’.

 Recently, Maxwell’s equations have become famous

because of the equations provide a complete description of
electromagnetic phenomena in four mathematical
expressions.
Natural Electromagnetic Phenomena
Analogy between potential distributions of human heart and dipole charges

Potential of Human Heart Potential of Dipole Charges

Electric field of human body Electric dipole charges

Scientist found that the current-dipole concept can be represented the electrical activity of
the human heart, which is the analogy with electric dipole charges (Rollin McCraty,
2015).
Analogy between electric field distributions of human body and dipole antenna

Electric field of human body Electric field of dipole antenna

1. The electric field distribution of body generated by heart is similar to electric field
distribution of dipole antenna.

2. Scientist found that the human cardiac field is modulated by different emotional
states and the electromagnetic field may transmit information that can be received
by others (Like antenna) (Rollin McCraty, 2015).
 Analogy between magnetic field distributions of earth and atom

Magnetic field of Earth Magnetic field of atom

Magnetic field of bar magnet
(Macroscopic Perspective) (Microscopic Perspective)

1. The magnetic field distributions of Earth and atom are similar to a dipole field generated
by a bar magnet.

2. Electromagnetic theory is capable of explaining natural phenomena of macro-science and

micro-science, such as the magnetic fields of Earth and atomic.

3. The explanation of macro-science phenomena using electromagnetic theories is closer to

classical or Newtonian mechanics theory. Whereas, in micro-science, electromagnetic are
more likely to explain the tendency to modern quantum theory (Phy.Org).
Analogy of Electromagnetic
 Analogies between Four Types of Physical System
Mechanical Electromagnetic
Mechanical Electrical Circuit
Potential Energy, U Spring  1 2  kx Stored Energy, U Cap  1 2  CV
2 2
Spring
Voltage, V
Kinetic Energy, U Mass  1 2  mv 2 Released Energy,U Ind  1 2  LI 2
Spring displacement,
x Current, I
Object speed, v Velocity,v  x t Current, I  q t
Capacitance, C
Spring coefficient, k Angular frequency,  k m Angular frequency,  1  LC 
Inductance, L
Object mass, m
Impedance, Z   kx  v Impedance, Z V I

Acoustic Wave Electromagnetic

Sound Potential Energy, U  1 2k  P Electric Energy, U  1 2   o E
2 2
Wave
Sound pressure, P
Sound Kinetic Energy, U  1 2   v 2 Electric field, E Magnetic Energy, U  1 2  o H 2
Particle velocity, v
Sound speed, v  k  Magnetic field, H Wave speed, v  1  o  o 
Elastic bulk
modulus, k ZP v
Permittivity, εo
Sound impedance, Wave impedance, Z  E H

Medium density, ρ Permeability, μo

 Analogous Coulomb’s Law and Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Coulomb’s Law
(Macroscopic Perspective) (Microscopic Perspective)

The magnitude of the gravity force, F of The magnitude of the electrostatic force, F of
interaction between two point masses (m1 and interaction between two point charges (q1 and
m2) is given as: q2) is given as:
m1m2 q1q2
F G 2 F k
r r2

where G is the gravitational constant (≈ 6.674 × where k is the Coulomb’s constant (≈ 8.988 ×
10-11 N m2 kg-2). m1 and m2 are the first mass and 109 N m2 C-2). q1 and q2 are the first charge and
second mass, respectively. r is the distance second charge, respectively. r is the distance
between the centers of the masses. between the charges.

Both "Law" was proposed based on empirical observations by Sir Isaac Newton (English
physicist) in 1687 and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (French physicist) in 1784, respectively.