10.

TRIGONOMETRY
• Similarity
• Ratios
• Sketches
• Basic Reductions
• Special Triangles
• Equations x  [0 ;90 ]
• 2-D Problems

1
 SIMILARITY
 If two triangles are similar, their corresponding
angles are equal and their corresponding sides
are in proportion.
 If ABC /// DEF then: B  E ; A  D ;
C  F and AB BC AC
 
DE EF DF

2
Example: In the following triangles show that if
ABC /// DEF then AB 
BC AC

DE EF DF

AB 15cm 3
 
DE 10cm 2
BC 24cm 3
 
EF 16cm 2

AC 18cm 3
 
DF 12cm 2

Similar Triangles
3
 Summary: Similar Triangles

 For any constant angle, the ratios for each

similar triangle remain the same.

 As the length of the hypotenuse increases, the

length of the adjacent and opposite sides
increase in the same proportion.

4
 TRIG RATIOS

Labelling Trigonometric Triangl 5

es
 Opp
 The ratio Hyp is called the sine of the angle θ.
Opp
 This can be written as sin θ = Hyp Definition of sinx

Adj
 The ratio Hyp is called the cosine of the angle θ
Adj
 This can be written as cos θ = Hyp
Definition of cosx

Opp
 The ratio Adj is called the tangent of the angle θ
Opp
Adj Definition of tanx

 This can be written as tan θ =

Introduction to Trig Function Trigonometric Ratios around the Origin
s
6
 Example
Consider the following diagram and then
answer the questions that follow.
Complete:
(a) sin θ=
(b)cos θ =

(c) tan θ =

(d)sin β=
(e) cos β =

(f) tan β =
SOHCAHTOA 7
 Exercise 1

1. Write down the following:

(a) sin C
(b) cos C
(c) tan C
(d) sin B
(e) cos B
(f) tan B

8
2. Write down the following:

(a) sin α
(b) cos α
(c) tan α
(d) Sin θ
(e) cos θ
(f) tan θ

Trigonometric Ratios
9
Calculating the value of a trig function
If you ensure that your calculator is on the DEG mode, you can evaluate
trigonometric ratios

1. Evaluate the following rounded off to two decimal

places where appropriate:

(a) sin 57° (b) tan 67°

(c) cos 24° (d) 3 sin 45°

1
(e) 13 tan (45° + 54°) (f) cos 40 0
4
sin 150 0 0
(g) sin
(h) 150
13
13
(i) sin 2 309 0 (j) 2 56 0  cos 2 56 0
sin

10
 Calculating the size of an angle
when given the trigonometric ratio
 Consider the equation sin β = 0,5
 Here we want to find the angle that
gives the number 0, 5
1

 In order to do this, we will make use of

1
the button sin on the calculator
 If sin β = 0, 5, then we can find β by
using the sequence:
1
2ndF sin 0,5 =
11
 Examples
 Solve the following equations:
(Round your answers off to two decimal places.)

(a) cos α = 0,5 (b) 2 sin α = 1,124

(c) tan α - 4,123 = 0 (d) cos 2 α = 0,435
(e) 1 (f) sin x  10 0   0,678
tan 2 x  3
2

(g) tan   1 (h) sin   0.924  0

(i) 5 tan   25 (j) cos 3  0,334
(k) 1
cos 3  0,12
3
12
 Solving problems using
trigonometric ratios
Calculating the length of a side when given an angle and
another side
Example 1: Calculate the length of AB in ABC
You want side AB, which is opposite 36°.
You have side BC, the hypotenuse.

You now need to create an equation

Opp
involving the ratio Hyp and the angle 36°:
Opp
 sin 36°
Hyp

0
BC
 sin 36
4
BC  4 sin 36 0
BC  2,4 13
 Example 2

Calculate the length of BC to one decimal place.

 You want side BC, which is adjacent to 59°.
 You have side AB, which is opposite to 59°.
You now need to create an
equation involving the
ratio Opp and the angle 59°:
Adj

14
Opp
Adj = tan 59º

2,4
 tan 59 0
BC
2,4  BC tan 59 0
2,4
 BC
Using Trig Functions – The Ladder
tan 59 0
BC  1,4
Using Trig Functions – The Stairs

Using Trig Functions – The Skyscrap

er

15
 EXERCISE

1. Calculate the length of PQ in PQR

16
2. (a) Calculate the length of AB.
(b) Calculate the length of BC.
(c) What is the size of A ?

17
3. By using the information provided on the
diagram, calculate:
(a) the length of AC.
(b) the length of AB.

18
4. In the diagram, BD  AC.
Using the information provided, calculate the
length of AC.

19
5. Using the
information
provided on the
diagram , calculate
the length of BC.

Using Trig to Find the Perimeter

Challenge! Find the Perimeter of an Irregular Shape 20

Calculating the size of an angle when given two
sides
 Example 4
 We need to find angle θ .
 We have side BC, which is adjacent to
Side AC θ is the hypotenuse.

Finding an angle when given two sides 21

Therefore, we need to form an equation
Adj
involving the ratio Hyp and the angle θ.
Adj
cos  
Hyp
5
cos  
8
cos   0,625
  51,3 0

22
 EXERCISE

1. (a) Calculate the

size of θ .
(b) Calculate the
length of AC.

23
2. (a) Calculate the size of α.
(b) Calculate the size of θ.

24
3. In ABC , CD  AB,  A =  , B = 40°,
AD = l5 cm and DB = l6 cm.
Calculate the size of θ

25
 Reciprocals


cos ec 
1 e.g. cos ec30  1
2
sin  sin 30 

 1 e.g. 1
sec   sec 30 

 1.15
cos  cos 30 

 1 e.g. cot 30  1

cot    1.73
tan  tan 30 

26
 Exercise
Calculate the following:
a) cos ec56  tan 42 b) cos ec80  cot 20

c) 1 d) sec 90
 sec 21

cos 21 cos 30

e) cot 55  1
 cos ec 6 

tan 55

27
 SKETCHES
P(-3;4) is a point on the Cartesian Plane
and OP makes an angle of θ.

Calculate the length of OP.

OP² = (-3)² + (4)²
= 25
OP = 5 units
Calculate the value of:
4
a)

b)

c) -3

4
tan  
3

sin  
4
5

cos  
3
5 28
 EXERCISE
K(-5;y) is a point on the Cartesian Plane
and OK makes an angle of θ and equals 13.

Determine the following:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e) cos ec
4 sin 

tan   cos 
sin 
cos 

sin 2   cos 2 
29
 BASIC REDUCTIONS
“All Stations To Cape Town”
CAST Diagram

It is IMPORTANT to memorize the CAST diagram, as we

can then determine the sign of the trigonometric function:
•sinx: + Q1 & Q2
- Q3 & Q4
•cosx: + Q1 & Q4

- Q2 & Q3
•tanx: + Q1 & Q3

- Q2 & Q4 Quadrants of the Cartesian Plane

30
 θ and 1800 - θ
P` is the reflection of P about
the y axis

P`(-x;y) P (x;y)
1800-θ
sin θ = y / r
sin(180 - θ) = y/r
0  
O
r θ
= sin
cos θ = x/
cos (1800 - θ ) = - x/r
= - cos θ 31
 θ and 1800 + θ
P` is the reflection of P about
the origin

sin θ = y / r P (x;y)
sin(180 + θ) = - y/r
0 1800 + θ

= - sin θ

O
cos θ = x/ r P`(-x;-y)
cos (1800 + θ ) = - x/r
= - cos θ
32
 EXERCISE
Simplify by means of reduction:

a)

b)

c)
tan(360  x)
d)

e)
sin(180  x)
f)

sin(360  x)

cos(180  x)

tan(180  x)

sin(360  x)
33
 SPECIAL TRIANGLES
600
sin 600 = opp / hyp = 3
2
1
cos 600 = adj / hyp = 2
2
3
tan 600 = opp / adj = 3 600
1
1
Quiz: 60º Special
Triangle 34
 300

sin 30 = opp / hyp =

0 1
2
300
3
cos 30 = adj / hyp =
0
2
2
3
1
tan 30 = opp / adj =
0
3
1
Quiz: 30º Special
Triangle 35
 450

 Determine the magnitude of

the hypotenuse

2
hyp  1  1 2 2
1cm

= 450
2
1cm
36
 450
 Determine the following ratios

1
sin 450 = opp / hyp =
2 2
1 1
cos 450 = adj / hyp =
2 450

tan 45 = opp / adj =

0
1 1
Quiz: 45º Special Triangle
37
 EXERCISE
Calculate:

a)

b)

c)
tan 45  sin 30
d)

cos 60  cos 30

e)

f)

sin 2 45  tan 45

sin 2 60  cos 2 60

4 tan 30  1

sin 45
cos 45 38
 EQUATIONS x  [0 ;90 ]

Solving for y in trig equations

1. Find the value of y:
a) y = sin 40º Calculator Work!
Sine Function Box
y = 0,64

b) y = cos 26º Cos Function Box

y = 0,90

c) y = tan 90º Tan Function Box

y = undefined
Why?

Think of the tan graph 39

Solving for the angle in trig equations
2. Solve for x:
To findk
a) sin x = ½ To solve for the angle –
type:
x = 30 ◦ SHIFT sin / cos / tan of the
angle
b) cos x = 0,78
x = 38.74 ◦

c) tan x = 1
x = 45 ◦
40
 EXERCISE
Solve for x or y:

a) sin x = 0.37

b) y = 3 cos 90◦

c) y = tan 65◦

d) tan = 65◦

e) 5 sin x = 0.5

f) 3 cos x = 1

41
 2-D Problems
Angles of elevation and depression

 is the angle of elevation of C from A.


is the angle of depression of A from C.
42
 Example

 The angle of
depression of a boat
on the ocean from
the top of a cliff is
55°.
 The boat is 70
meters from the foot
of the cliff.

43
(a) What is the angle of elevation of the
top of the cliff from the boat?
(b) Calculate the height of the cliff.
(a) The angle of elevation of the top of
the cliff from the boat is 55°,
i . e B = 55°.
(b) We can calculate the height of the cliff
as follows:
h
 tan 35 0
70
h  70 tan 35 0
h  100m
44
 Exercise
1. The Cape Town cable car takes tourists to
the top of Table Mountain. The cable is 1,2
kilometers in length and makes an angle of
40° with the ground.
 Calculate the height (h) of the mountain.

45
2. An architectural design of the front of
a house is given below.
 The length of the house is to be 10 meters.
 An exterior stairway leading to the roof is
slanted to form an angle of elevation of 30°
with ground level.
 The slanted part of the roof must be 7 meters
in length.

46
(a) Calculate the height of the vertical wall (DE).
(b) Calculate the size of θ, the angle of
elevation of the top of the roof (A) from the
ceiling BCD.
(c) Calculate the length of the beam AC.

47
3. In the 2006 Soccer World Cup, a player
kicked the ball from a distance of 11 meters
from the goalposts (4 meters high) in order to
score a goal for his team.
The distance traveled by the ball is in a
straight line.
 The angle formed by the pathway of the ball
and the ground is represented by θ

48
(a) Calculate the largest angle θ for
which the player will possibly score a
goal.
(b) Will the player score a goal if the
angle θ is 22°? Explain.

49
4. Treasure hunters in a boat, at point A,
detects a treasure chest at the bottom of the
ocean (C) at an angle of depression of l3°
from the boat to the treasure chest.
They then sail for 80 meters so that they are
directly above the treasure chest at point B.
In order to determine the amount of oxygen
they will need when diving for the treasure,
they must first calculate the depth of the
treasure (BC).

50
Calculate the depth of the treasure for the
treasure hunters.

Colliding Ships Example

51