Lecture #2
Layered Communication
protocols
& Network Topologies
Instructor:
Dr. Rounakul Islam
AGENDA
TCP/
IP
UDP
OSI
Network
Topologies
LAYERED COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
TCP/IP
• The TCP/IP protocol architecture is a result of protocol
research and development conducted on the experimental
packet-switched network, ARPANET, funded by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),
and is generally referred to as the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
• This protocol suite consists of a large collection of
protocols that have been issued as Internet standards by the
Internet Activities Board (IAB).
TCP/IP LAYERS
• The communication task can be organized into five
relatively
independent layers.
• Physical layer
• Network access layer
• Internet layer
• Host-to-host, or transport layer
• Application layer
TCP/IP LAYERS
• The physical layer covers the physical interface between a
data transmission device (e.g., workstation, computer) and a
transmission medium or network.
• The network access layer is concerned with the exchange of data
between an end system (server, workstation, etc.) and the
network to which it is attached.
• Concerned with issues like:
• Destination address provision
• Invoking specific services like priority
• Access to & routing data across a network
• The function of the internet layer is to complete the
procedures needed to allow data to traverse multiple
interconnected networks.
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is used at this layer to provide the routing
function across multiple networks.
TCP/IP LAYERS …
• The Transport layer:
• Common layer shared by all applications
• Concerned with providing reliable delivery of data
• Essentially independent of nature of the applications
• The application layer contains the logic needed to support the
various user applications.
• Separate module is needed for each type of application
PROTOCOL DATA UNITS
(PDU)
•
•
IN
The THE
combination ofTCP/IP
data and control information is a protocol data unit (PDU)
Typically control information is contained in a PDU header.
•
ARCHITECTURE
Headers may also include:
• source port, destination port, sequence number, and error-detection
code
TCP AND UDP
• In addition to TCP, there is
one other transport-level
protocol that is in common
use as part of the TCP/IP
protocol suite: the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).
• UDP does not guarantee
delivery, preservation of
sequence, or protection
against duplication.
• UDP enables a procedure to
send messages to other
procedures with a minimum
of protocol mechanism.
IP AND IPV6
• For decades, the keystone of the TCP/IP protocol
architecture has been IP.
• IPv6 provides a number of functional enhancements over the
previous IP, designed to accommodate the higher speeds of
today’s networks and the mix of data streams, including
graphic and video.
• But the driving force behind the development of the new
protocol was the need for more addresses.
• The previous IP uses a 32-bit address to specify a
source or destination.
• IPv6 includes 128-bit source and destination
address fields.
OSI MODEL
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as:
• a model for a computer protocol architecture and
• a framework for developing protocol standards.
• The OSI model consists of seven layers:
• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data link
• Physical
OSI LAYERS
NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
SIMPLE PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES
• Physical topology: physical layout of nodes on a
network.
• Three fundamental shapes:
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
• May create hybrid topologies
• Topology integral to type of network, cabling
infrastructure, and transmission media used.
BUS TOPOLOGY
• A Bus topology consists of a single cable—called
a bus— connecting all nodes on a network
without connectivity devices.
BUS TOPOLOGY..
• Advantages
• Works well for small networks
• Relatively inexpensive to implement
• Easy to add to it
• Disadvantages
• Management costs can be high
• Potential for congestion (crowding) with network
traffic
RING TOPOLOGY
• Ring topology
• Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire
network forms a circle
• One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
• token passing is a channel access method where a signal called a token
is passed between nodes that authorizes the node to communicate.
RING TOPOLOGY..
• Advantages
• Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem.
• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
• Handles high-volume network traffic.
• Enables reliable communication.
• Disadvantages
• Expensive.
• Requires more cable and network equipment at the start.
• Not used as widely as bus topology
• Fewer equipment options.
• Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication.
STAR TOPOLOGY
• Every node on the network is connected through a
central device
STAR TOPOLOGY..
• Any single cable connects only two devices
• Cabling problems affect two nodes at most
• Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks
• More fault-tolerant
• Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with
other networks
• Scalable
STAR TOPOLOGY…
• Advantages
• Good option for modern networks
• Low startup costs
• Easy to manage
• Offers opportunities for expansion
• Most popular topology in use; wide variety of
equipment
available
• Disadvantages
• Hub is a single point of failure
• Requires more cable than the bus
