Biomedical Engineering Department
Digital Image Processing (DIP)
4th Year
Digital Imaging Fundamentals
Lecture (6)
Dr. Nedal Abdalaal Abdallh
Sampling, Quantization And Resolution
Capturing a digital image of a real-world
scene involved ?
– Image sensing and representation
– Sampling and quantization
– Resolution
Image Acquisition Process
The first function performed by the imaging system is
to collect the incoming energy and focus it onto an
image plane.
If the illumination is light, the front end of the
imaging system is a lens, which projects the viewed
scene onto the lens focal plane.
A Simple Image Formation Model
f ( x, y ) i ( x, y )r ( x, y )
f ( x, y ) : intensity at the point (x, y)
i ( x, y ) : illumination at the point (x, y )
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r ( x, y ) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y )
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i( x, y ) < and 0 < r ( x, y ) < 1
Image Sampling and Quantization
Sampling= the spacing of discrete values in
the domain of a signal.
Sampling rate= how many samples are taken
per unit of each dimension.
e.g., samples per second, frames per
second, etc.
Image Sampling and Quantization
Quantization= spacing of discrete values in the
range of a single.
Usually thought of as the number of bits per
sample of the signal.
e.g., 1 bit per pixel (b/w images), 16-bit
audio, 24-bit color images, etc.
Uses 3 bits to represent
the value of the function
Image Sampling and Quantization
Image Sampling and Quantization
Digitizing the
coordinate
values
Digitizing the
amplitude
values
Image Sampling and Quantization
Digital image is always only an approximation
of a real world scene.
Image quantization(example)
Image sampling (example)
Representing Digital Images
A digital image is an image f(x,y) that has been
digitized both in spatial coordinates and
brightness.
The value of f at any point (x,y) is proportional
to the brightness (or gray level) of the image at
that point.
Representing Digital Images
Image acquisition recall that a digital image is
composed of M rows and N columns of pixels each
storing a value.
Pixel values are most often grey levels in the range
0-255(black-white).
Representing Digital Images
The representation of an M×N numerical array
as:
f (0,0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N 1)
f (1,0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N 1)
f ( x, y )
... ... ... ...
f (M 1,0) f (M 1,1) ... f ( M 1, N 1)
Representing Digital Images
The representation of an M×N numerical array
as:
a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N 1
a a ... a1, N 1
A 1,0 1,1
... ... ... ...
a M 1,0 a M 1,1 ... aM 1, N 1
Representing Digital Images
The representation of an M×N numerical array
in MATLAB as:
f (1,1) f (1,2) ... f (1, N )
f (2,1) f (2,2) ... f (2, N )
f ( x, y )
... ... ... ...
f (M ,1) f (M ,2) ... f (M , N )
Representing Digital Images
Representing Digital Images
Representing Digital Images
Spatial Resolution
The spatial resolution of an image is
determined by how sampling was carried
out.
Spatial resolution simply refers to the
smallest discernible detail in an image
• Vision specialists will often talk about pixel
size
• Graphic designers will talk about dots per
inch (DPI)
Spatial Resolution (cont.)
Intensity (Gary) Level Resolution
Intensity level resolution refers to the number of
intensity levels used to represent the image.
– The more intensity levels used, the finer the level
of detail discernable in an image.
– Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms
of the number of bits used to store each intensity
level.
Number of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010
Intensity Level Resolution
256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) 128 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)
16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp)
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
