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Basic Electricals

Basic electrical for initial learners

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Devanand R
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views49 pages

Basic Electricals

Basic electrical for initial learners

Uploaded by

Devanand R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electricals

Ohm’s Law,
Power and Energy
Ohm’s Law
Cause
Effect 
Opposition
Every conversion of energy from one form to another
can be related to this equation.

In electric circuits the effect we are trying to establish is


the flow of charge, or current. The potential difference,
or voltage between two points is the cause (“pressure”),
and resistance is the opposition encountered.
Ohm’s Law
Simple analogy: Water in a hose

Electrons in a copper wire are analogous to water in a hose.


Consider the pressure valve as the applied voltage and the size of the hose as the source
of resistance.

The absence of pressure in the hose, or voltage across the wire will
result in a system without motion or reaction.

A small diameter hose will limit the rate at which water will flow, just as
a small diameter copper wire limits the flow of electrons.
Ohm’s Law
For a fixed resistance, the greater the voltage
(or pressure) across a resistor, the more the
current.

The more the resistance for the same voltage, the


less the current.

Current is proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the


resistance.
Ohm’s Law
E
I
R
Where:I = current (amperes, A)
E = voltage (volts, V)
R = resistance (ohms, )
Power
 Power is an indication of how much work (the conversion of energy
from one form to another) can be done in a specific amount of time;
that is, a rate of doing work.
Power
W
P
t
1 Watt (W)  1 joule / second
Power can be delivered or absorbed as defined by
the polarity of the voltage and the direction of the
current.
Energy
Energy (W) lost or gained by any system is
determined by:

W = Pt
Since power is measured in watts (or joules per
second) and time in seconds, the unit of energy is the
wattsecond (Ws) or joule (J)
Energy
The watt-second is too small a quantity for most
practical purposes, so the watt-hour (Wh) and
kilowatt-hour (kWh) are defined as follows:

Energy (Wh)  power (W)  time (h)


power (W)  time (h)
Energy (kWh) 
1000
The killowatt-hour meter is an instrument used for
measuring the energy supplied to a residential or
commercial user of electricity.
Efficiency
Efficiency () of a system is determined by the following equation:

 =P /P o i

Where:  = efficiency (decimal number)


Po = power output
Pi = power input
Efficiency
The basic components of a generating (voltage) system are
depicted below, each component has an associated
efficiency, resulting in a loss of power through each stage.

Insert Fig 4.19


Series circuit
R1, R2, R3 are the resistances connected in series. ‘E’ is the voltage applied
across the combination. It is noted that the same current passes through
each of them. Let the current be equal to ‘I’. If ‘R’ is the total resistance,
by Ohm’s law, R = E/I.
If the voltage across R1, R2, R3 are ‘E1’, ‘E2’, ‘E3’, it is seen that E1= IR1, E2= R2I and E3= R3 I. Thus,
E= E1+E2+E3
E=IR1+ER2+ER3
I (R1+R2+R3)
E/I= R1+R2+R3
R=R1+R2+R3.
Examples for series connections:
Cells in torchlight, car batteries, etc.
Cluster of mini lamps used for decoration purposes.
Fuse, overload coil
Multiplier of a voltmeter.
Parallel circuit
If several electrical appliances are connected in such a way that each of them
forms a separate path of current, they are said to be in parallel. It is observed
that the
Voltage across all the resistances is the same
Current in each resistor is different and is give by Ohm’s law
The total current is the sum of the separate branch currents.
I = I1+I2+I3
I= E/R1+E/R2+E/R3
I=E/R
Therefore E/R= E/R1+E/R2+E/R3
i.e. 1/R=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Examples for parallel circuits:
Common domestic appliances
Streetlights
Connection of voltmeter to measure the potential deference
Ammeter shunt.
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff’s current or point law or first law:

In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of current meeting at a point or junction is zero.

As per the above law,

I1 + I3 + I5 - I2 - I4= 0, or

I1 + I3 + I5 = I2 + I4
Kirchhof’s Mesh or Voltage law
or second law:
The sum of the voltage drops in any
complete or closed circuit must be
equal to the sum of the voltage
rises in that circuit.
In the above circuit applying the
Kirchoff’s 2nd law, the relationship is
written as
-I1R1+I2R2+E1+I3R3-E2 = 0
Example (Single Loop Circuit)
How do we apply Kirchhoff’s Rule 1?

Must assume the direction of the current – assume clockwise.


Choose a starting point and sum all voltages drops around the circuit using
Ohm’s Law
Alternating current
principles
Alternating quantity is one, which acts in alternate directions, and whose
magnitude undergoes a definite cycle of changes in definite intervals of time.
Each cycle consists of two half cycles, during one of which the quantity acts
in one direction around the circuit and during the other, in the opposite
direction.
Advantages of AC over DC

Ac can be generated at higher voltages.


Voltages can be raised and lowered in AC, easily and efficiently using transformers,
which are stationary equipments.
AC can be sent to a great distance economically. HV transmission is economical as
the material required for transmission is less.
Cost of generating AC is less. Large capacity and high-speed alternators are used
for bulk supply.
Instruments

Galvanometers: a coil in a magnetic field that senses current.


Ammeters: measures current.
Voltmeter: measures voltage.
Ohmmeters: measures resistance.
Multimeters: one device that does all the above.

Galvanometer is a needle mounted to a coil that rotates in a magnetic field.


The amount of rotation is proportional to the current that flows
through the coil.

Symbolically we write
Usually when R g  20
Rg
Ig  0  0.5milliAmp
Typical wattage ratings of
some
common household items

Insert Table 4.1


Applications
Microwave ovens
Most microwaves are rated at 500 W to 1200 W at a
frequency of 2.45 GHz.

Heating occurs because the water molecules in the food


vibrate at such a high frequency that the friction with
neighboring molecules causes the heating effect.

Most microwaves are between 50% and 60% efficient.


Applications
Household wiring
Most older homes, without electric heating, have a 100 A
service.

Power is broken down into different circuits utilizing 15 A,


20 A, 30 A and 40 A protective breakers.

Maximum load on each breaker should not exceed 80% of


its rating (12 A of a 15 A circuit breaker).
Applications
The correct gauge of wire must be used with the right
circuit breaker – #14 wire up to a 15 A breaker, #12 wire up
to 20 A, #10 wire up to 30 A.

Grounding is a very important part of safety.

The National Electric Code requires that the neutral wire of


a system be grounded to an earth-driven rod, a metallic
water piping system of 10 ft or more, or a buried metal
plate.
Basic Electrical
Theory
Voltage [driving force] causes current [e ] to flow -

◦ AC / DC - from safety perspective - negligible difference


◦ Single Phase / Three Phase. 3 get a professional

Circuit / loop is necessary for current to flow


◦ a start point - a route - an end point
Voltage, Current and
Resistance
Voltage increases => Current increases
Resistance decreases => Current increases
Voltage = Current / Resistance - Ohms Law
The complete circuit
A complete Circuit or loop is
necessary for current to flow
A complete circuit
complete Circuit or loop
is necessary for current to flow
Current takes the path of least resistance
Basic Electrical
Voltage causes a Current to flow
Theory
◦ Water analogy

A complete Circuit is necessary for


current to flow
◦ Bird on HT wires
Voltages
Low Tension 0 => 50V
◦ Batteries: AA, AAA, MP3 player
◦ Car, trucks, busses 12 / 24 / 48
◦ Garden lights, domestic halogen lights

High Tension 100 => 300V


◦ EU Mains, Electrophoresis, DART, Capacitors SM PSUs

Very High Tension 1KV +


◦ ESB pylons, TV tubes, photocopiers, X-Ray machines, Mass
Spectrometers
Electricity
in the body
Electricity in the
body
Muscles
◦ Muscles control all the body movements

◦ Including & importantly those that keep us alive - Breathing and Heart

◦ The brain controls voluntary muscles using Current pulses along nerves
Electricity in the
body
External current through the body causes
◦ Loss of muscle control

◦ Spasms & Involuntary movement

◦ Inability to let go

◦ Burns - external & internal


Electricity
&
associated hazards
Electricity - associated
◦ Indirect Injury
◦ Falls from ladder
Hazards
◦ Thrown back. Fall to ground, onto sharp edge
◦ Drop objects
◦ Thermal burns – Very hot equipment surface, explosion

◦ Wires & cables - Trailing leads => trips & damage,


Re-route, tidy up, cover over

◦ Life Support muscles


◦ Diaphragm and breathing
◦ Heart Fibrillation Random, uncoordinated heart contractions
◦ De-fribrillation: High voltages (3000 V at 20 A) fraction of a second

◦ Burns - death of tissue


◦ Internal [organs]
◦ External [skin]
Electrical Appliances
Safety guiding principle

“keep currents and voltages inside apparatus and away from our
bodies”

◦ Inherently safe - Low voltage / low current


◦ Enclosures
◦ Insulation
◦ Safe & secure connections
Electrical cables
& plugs
Mains cable
◦ Brown Live - power
◦ Blue Neutral
◦ Green/yellow Earth
Electrical
Mains cable
cables & plugs
◦ Brown Live power
◦ Blue Neutral
◦ Green/yellow Earth

N
Live, Neutral, Earth &
Fuses
L

E
Live, Neutral, Earth &
Fuses

N
RCD Residual Current Device
RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker
ELCB Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker
MCB Magnetic Circuit Breakers
RCBO Residual Current Breaker
with Overcurrent protection

◦ current difference of >30 mA


◦ for a duration of >30 ms
L L

N
N
E
Live, Neutral, Earth
◦ The
& and
Fuseswires carry current around the circuit
Live Neutral

◦ The Earth wire is there to protect you.


◦ The Earth wire can act like a back-up Neutral wire,
◦ Many appliances have metal cases e.g. kettles, toasters, dishwashers, washing machines etc.

◦ The Fuse is very thin piece of wire.


◦ The wire has a quite low melting point. As current flows through the wire it heats up.
◦ If too large a current flows it melts, thus breaking the circuit
◦ Use appropriate fuse size/rating

◦ Additional safety devices - RCDs, ELCBs, MCBs


Electrical Hazards &
◦ Where
Personal Safety
◦ Office & home 95%
◦ Laboratory 5%
◦ Trailing wires, faulty wires

◦ Mains
◦ Avoid direct working with mains. Use only low voltages (tension )
◦ Check all leads for: Fraying, Proper clamping, Proper earthing.

◦ Repairing
◦ Do not repair, competency required
◦ One hand behind back, tip cautiously with back of hand
◦ Trust nobody, remove fuse, use phase tester

Note: Switch Mode PSU, laptop chargers, CF lamps


[high voltages persists on capacitors long after switch off]
Specific Hazards &
Personal Safety
 Medical / sports equipment
 Very strict regulations on equipment operation, design, repair
 Never modify or tamper with such equipment
 ECG measurements. even a few micro amps in a susceptible location can have
massive consequences [Basis of Heart pacemaker ]
 Pace makers
 Susceptible to strong magnetic fields [NMR! ],
 Possibly RF & Micro waves

 Solvent
 Flammable environments require specialised electrical equipment
E.g. Fridge storage of samples stored in solvents
 Cold rooms / water cooling
 Equipment moved from a cold room with get condensation on its internal electrical
 circuits Avoid this movement, Use LT, give lots of time to acclimatise
Thank you

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