Computer Hardware
Introduction to Information Technology
Contents
Input
Keyboard
Pointing devices
Source data entry
Output
Softcopy
Hardcopy
Processing
Memory
CPU
Storage
Connector
Ports
Extension Slots/Cards
Input Devices
Input Devices
Keyboard
Braille keyboard
A device that converts letters,
numbers, and other
characters into electrical
signals that can be read by
the computers processor.
One-handed keyboard
Input Devices
Ergonomics
A field devoted to making working conditions and equipment
safer and more efficient.
Ergonomic keyboard
Input Devices
Pointing Devices
Control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen
Ergonomic trackball
Touch pad
Mouse for right-handed user
Pointing stick
Input Devices
Pen input
Light pen - a lightsensitive penlike
device connected by a
wire to the computer
terminal
Input Devices
Touch screen
a video display screen that has been sensitized to receive
input from the touch of a finger
Input Devices
Scanner
Devices that use lightsensing equipment to
translate images of text,
drawings, photos, and the
like into digital form.
3D Scanner
Input Devices
Mark and Character Readers
MICR -
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition. Reads the strangelooking numbers printed at the bottom of checks
OMR - Optical Mark Recognition. Uses a device that reads pencil
marks and converts them into computer-usable form
OCR -
Optical Character Recognition. Uses a device that
reads preprinted characters in a particular font and
converts them to digital code
Input Devices
Digital cameras
Use light-sensitive
processor chip to capture
photographic image in
digital form on diskette or
flash memory chips.
Digital cameras
Input Devices
Audio-input devices
Record analog sounds and translate for digital storage or
processing.
Audio Board
Circuit board that convert analog sound to digital sound,
provide output sound to speaker.
MIDI Board (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
Interchange of music information between musical Instrument,
synthesizer and computer. (Use to produce rhythm of the
music in digital form.)
Input Devices
Human-biology input devices
Biometrics System: the
study of body
characteristics, to identify
people through biological
characteristics.
Ex. Finger print, Voice,
Retina, and DNA.
Line-of-Sight Systems: allow user to operate a
computer by focusing on a particular areas of a display
screen.
Two types of monitors
Output Devices
CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube) - a vacuum tube
used as a display
screen in a computer or
video display terminal
Flat-panel display - made
up of two plates of glass
separated by a layer of a
substance in which light is
manipulated
Ex. LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display)
Output Devices
Softcopy Output: Display Screens
Display screens - output devices that show programming
instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is
processed
Output Devices
Screen clarity
Pixel (picture element)
the smallest unit on the screen that can
be turned on and off or made different
shades
Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space
between the centers of adjacent pixels;
the closer the dots, the crisper the
image
Output Devices
Screen clarity
Resolution - the
image sharpness of a
display screen; the
more pixels there are
per square inch, the
finer the level of detail
Standard resolutions
(horizontal x vertical)
Output Devices
Hardcopy Output
Printer - an output device that prints characters,
symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another
hardcopy medium.
Dpi (dots per inch) - resolution measure for printers.
Specifies the number of dots that are printed in a
linear inch
Output Devices
Impact printer
Forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such
as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon,
leaving an image on paper.
Ex. Dot Matrix Printer.
Output Devices
Non-Impact Printers
Forms characters and
images without direct
physical contact between
the printing mechanism
and paper
Laser printer - creates
images on a drum which
are treated with a
magnetically charged
toner, and then transferred
from drum to paper
Replacing a laser toner cartridge
Non-Impact Printers
Output Devices
Ink-jet printers - spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink
from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed onto paper
Thermal printers - use colored waxes and heat to produce images
by burning dots onto special paper
Output Devices
Other Output
Sound output - devices which produce digitized sounds, ranging
from beeps and chirps to music
Voice output - devices which convert digital data into speech-like
sounds
Video output - photographic images which are played at 15-29
frames per second to give the appearance of full motion
Processing
Memory
CPU
Processing Devices
Memory
Silicon
chip on motherboard
For storing data or instruction
There are Five types of memory:
RAM
ROM
CMOS
Flash Memory Chip
Cache memory
Processing Devices
1) RAM (Random Access Memory)
Known as memory, main memory, primary storage, internal memory,
Computer short-term capacity
It is Volatile Storage
The Capacity varies with different computers Size is Vary
Three tasks:
Hold data for processing
Hold instructions/programs for process the data
Hold processed data wait to be send out to output or secondary
storage
2) ROM Chips
Processing Devices
Read Only Memory
Cannot be written on or
erased by the computer user
without special equipment.
Contain programs that are
built in at the factory which
use for basic computer
operation Ex. BIOS
instructions
PROM (Programmable ROM)
Allow you to load read-only
programs and data but at
once.
Processing Devices
3) CMOS Chips
Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Chips
Powered by battery so content is not lost when computer is off
Contain flexible start-up instructions (time, date) which can be
reprogrammed
Processing Devices
4) Flash Memory Chips
Non-volatile
Can
be erased and reprogrammable more than once
Capacity in range of 16 MB 1 GB
Eg. Flash memory in mobile phone, PDA, printer,
computer, digital camera
Processing Devices
5) Cache Memory
Special high speed memory area that the CPU can
access quickly
Keep most frequently used instructions to allow CPU to
run faster
Some Design divide cache into 2 Areas: L1 and L2
Processing Devices
Cache Memory (cont.)
Two kinds of Cache Memory:
1. Level 1: L1 (internal cache)
2.
Locate inside processor chip
Range from 2 - 64 KB
Operate very fast
Level 2: L2 (external cache)
Locate outside processor chip
Range from 256 KB 2 MB
Connect to CPU by backside bus
Processing Devices
Memory Capacity
Word
size
D 16 KB
I 16 KB
D 256 KB
I 256 KB
256 MB
80 GB
Register
Cache L1
Cache L2
RAM
Hard Disk
64 b
CPU
During the
execution
Keep most
frequency use
data,
instructions
Faster than L2
because size
is smaller,
processor can
find data or
instruction
easier
Program A
100
101
102
103
Storing in
sequential
order
Hierarchy of Memory
Control Unit +ALU
Processing Devices
Register
Cache
CPU
Main Memory
Secondary Storage
Speed
Capacity
Processing Devices
Microprocessor Chip
Is also called CPU Central Processing Unit
Main part of the motherboard (brain of computer) which follows
instructions of the software to manipulate data into information.
Consists of transistors
Transistor: the tiny electronic devices that act as on/off switches
for presenting 0/1 data.
Inside CPU
Processing Devices
System Clock
Controls
how fast all the operations within a
computer take place
The faster the clock, the faster the processing.
PC clock speed is measured by Hz
1 Hz = 1 machine cycle
Processing Devices
Measurement of Processing Speeds
For
microcomputers:
Megahertz (MHz) - Million/billion of machine cycles
per second
Gigahertz (GHz) - Million/billion of machine cycles per
second
For workstations, minicomputers, mainframes
MIPS Million of Instructions Per Second
For supercomputers
FLOPS Floating-point Operations Per Second
Processing Devices
Main components of CPU
1.
2.
3.
4.
CPU
Control Unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Register
Memory/System Bus
Control Unit
ALU
Bus
Registers
Bus
RAM
Bus
Expansion Slots
Expansion Slots
Bus
Processing Devices
1) Control Unit
Tells
the rest of computer system how to carry out a
programs instructions (Machine Cycle)
Direct the movement of electric signal among main
memory, arithmetic unit and other devices
Processing Devices
2) Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs
arithmetic operations and logic operations
and controls the speed of those operation.
Arithmetic operation:+ - * /
Logical operation: comparison = > <
Processing Devices
3) Registers
High speed storage areas that temporary store data during
processing
At the moment before actual processing take place, instructions
and data are loaded into register from main memory which help
computer process faster
It is the smallest storage space which has capacity equal to
word size.
Processing Devices
4) Memory/System Bus
Electrical pathway through which bits
are transmitted within CPU and
between CPU to other devices in
system unit
System Bus: connect CPU within itself
and to main memory.
Expansion Bus: connect CPU with the
expansion slot and peripheral
devices.
The more lanes it has, the faster bits
can be transferred
Ex. 32-bits is faster than 16-bits
CPU
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
RAM
Expansion Slots
Expansion Slots
Processing Devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Capacities of CPU is depending on Word Size
Number of bits that is manipulated or stored at one time
by CPU
The more bits in a word, the faster the computer
Ex. 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bits computer
100110010111000
RAM
8-bit
10111000
Register
Processing Devices
Machine Cycle
Series of operations performed to execute a single program
instruction
Consists of two parts:
Instruction Cycle
Fetch get instruction from main memory
Decode determine what is that instruction means
Execution Cycle
Execute perform operation on data
Store keep processed result into main memory
Main Memory
Program
Instruction:
X=1+1
CPU
Instruction cycle
add 1 with 1
store in x
Fetch
2
Store
Decode
Execution cycle
3
Execute
X=2
Control Unit
01
+01
10
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Storage Devices
Storage Devices
As we called secondary storage hardware
Device that permanently hold data and information
2 types:
1.
Magnetic
2.
Floppy disks
Hard disks
Magnetic tape
Optical
CD
DVD
Storage Devices
Floppy Disks (Diskette)
Program and store data as magnetized spots (absence and
presence of electromagnetic charge) on the metal oxide film.
Require disk drive to read and write data to diskette. It performs
read/write data by spin the Platter and move read/write head to
locate on the data area
Types:
3.5 inch floppy disk holds up to 1.44MB of data. Also
referred to as a diskette.
Zip disks100 MB and 250 MB storage.
Superdiskslook like 3.5-inch diskettes, but can hold up to
120 MB of data.
Storage Devices
Characteristic of Diskettes
Track and Sector
Track: ring of data on a side of a disk
Sector: a slice of pie, used for storage reference
512 bytes of data
Hard Disk
Data are store in the form of magnetized spots.
Parts of the hard drive:
Storage Devices
Plattersdiscs where data is
written to. Most hard drives
have multiple platters. When a
platter is formatted so it can
store data, it is organized into:
Tracksrings
Sectorspieces of each
ring (track)
Spindleholds the platters and
attaches them to the drive
which causes them to spin.
Read-write headsmove
across the platters using
magnetic fields to read data
from and write data to the
platters.
Storage Devices
Magnetic Tape
Is
thin plastic tape that has been coated with a
substance that can be magnetized.
Data
is represented by magnetized spots(1) or
nonmagnetized spots(0)
Storage Devices
Optical Disks
Removable
Disk which data is written and read
through the use of laser beam
Writing data use high-power laser beam
Reading data use low-power laser beam
If Laser reflect from smooth surface => 1
If Laser is not reflect => 0
How Optical Disk Works?
Laser
Storage Devices
Label
0 1
Acrylic
Aluminum
Pit
View a Clip
Storage Devices
Types of Optical Disk
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-only Memory)holds up to 650 MB of
data on one disc; cannot be written to.
CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable)holds up to 650 MB of data; can
be written to with special CD recording hardware and software. CD-Rs
only allow you to write once to each area of the disk.
CD-RW drives (Compact Disc Rewritable)allows you to write and
rewrite data to a CD. Holds up to 650 MB of data.
DVDs (Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc)can hold up to
4.7 GB of data on one disc; cannot be written to.
Storage Devices
Types of Optical Disk
DVD-Rs (Digital Video Disc Recordable)holds up to 4.7 GB of
data; can be written to with special DVD recording hardware and
software. DVD-Rs only allow you to write once to the disk.
DVD+RWs (Digital Video Disc Rewritable)allows you to write and
rewrite data to a DVD. Holds up to 4.7 GB of data
