MEASUREMENT AND
INSTRUMENTATION
EEE 305
LECTURER: DR. KH SHAHRIYA ZAMAN
ADJUNCT FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY
FILTERS
• A filter is an electronic circuit that allows certain frequencies to pass
through while attenuating or blocking others.
• The four common types of filters are shown below.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
IMPORTANCE OF FILTERS
• Signal Clarification: the desired signal is isolated from unwanted frequencies or noise.
• Noise Reduction: filters can remove unwanted hum or hiss to produce a clearer signal.
• Trend Identification: filters can help identify trends in a set of data by smoothing out
fluctuations.
• Protection of Equipment: filters can protect sensitive equipment from unwanted signals
or surges.
• Real-time Implementation: signals where output depends only on past measurements
can be implemented in real-time.
• Post-processing: filters can collect data over a period and then analyze them.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
• Frequency Response: The frequency response of a filter describes how it reacts to
different frequencies.
• Cut-off Frequency: The frequency at which the filter starts to take effect.
• Bandwidth: The difference between the upper cut-off frequency and the lower cut-off
frequency.
• Passband and Stopband: The passband is the range of frequencies that are allowed to
pass through the filter with minimal attenuation. The stopband is the range of
frequencies that are significantly attenuated or blocked.
• Transformations: Filters can be transformed from one type to another. This flexibility
allows for the design of various filter types based on a prototype filter.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE FILTERS
• Active filters utilize active components, such as operational amplifiers (op-amps), in their
design. They require an external power source to operate
• Passive filters do not use any active components. They are constructed using only passive
components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
• Complexity: Active filters, due to the inclusion of op-amps, can be more complex in
design compared to passive filters. However, this complexity offers more flexibility in
achieving desired filter characteristics.
• Power Consumption: Active filters consume power due to the active components, while
passive filters do not.
• Cost: Active filters might be more expensive due to the cost of active components and
the need for a power source.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTERS
• A first-order, low-pass filter using op-amp with a single resistor and capacitor is shown
below.
• The voltage gain below the cutoff frequency is constant at:
• The cutoff frequency is
• The graph shows the frequency response of an active
low-pass filter.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTERS
Example: Calculate the cutoff frequency of a first-order low-pass filter for and .
Solution:
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTERS
• A first-order, high-pass filter using op-amp with a single resistor and capacitor is shown
below. (R-C positions are reversed compared to low-pass)
• The voltage gain below the cutoff frequency is constant at:
• The cutoff frequency is
• The graph shows the frequency response of an active
high-pass filter.
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
PASSIVE R-C LOW-PASS FILTERS
• The circuit shows a R-C low-pass filter.
• The graph shows the frequency response of this filter.
• The frequency at which is determined by:
• The magnitude of the gain at any is the ratio , determined by:
• Xc = where f = cutoff frequency
(if f is not mentioned)
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTERS
Example: a) Sketch the output voltage for the given filter.
b) Find the cutoff frequency.
Solution:
a) b)
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
PASSIVE R-C HIGH-PASS FILTERS
• The circuit shows a R-C high-pass filter.
• The graph shows the frequency response of this filter.
• The frequency at which is determined by:
• The magnitude of the gain at any is the ratio , determined by:
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTERS
Example:
a) Find the cutoff frequency for the filter.
b) Sketch the curves for low-pass and high-pass filters.
c) Find the gain of the filter at the for a high-pass filter.
Solution:
a)
b)
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTERS
Solution:
Dr Kh Shahriya Zaman
Dept. of EEE,
Southeast University,
