Understanding

Culture, Society
and Politics
 ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY, AND
POLITICAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY

• It comes from the Latin Word

“Anthropologia” which means study of
humanity. It also shares its ultimate origin
for the Greek Word “Anthropos” which
means human being.
• Anthropology is the study of human
beings and their ancestors through the
time and space in relation to physical
character, social relations, and culture.
FRANZ BOAZ

• The father of modern

anthropology. He is an expert
when it comes to human
culture, and he studied
historical particularism.
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

• 1. BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY

- it is the study of the

human origin such as genetics,
race, evolution, fossils, and
primates. This is where we observe
our ancestors and closest relatives.
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

- it is the study of the

living people, their religion,
social system, language,
clothing, food, beliefs, and
tradition.
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

3.LINGUISTICS OR
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
LINGUSITICS

- it is the study of language,

it’s evolution, it’s connection
to other languages and other
society.
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

3. ARCHAEOLOGY

- it is the study of the

material remains of the past
human life and activities
such as religion, social
system, language, attire,
food, beliefs, and tradition.
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1 2 3
1. Observe the 2. Discover what 3. Create new
common things make people knowledge through
among people different from each researches about
(traditions, language, other. humankind and
and others). behavior.
SOCIOLOGY
• It is the study of the society, patterns
of social interactions, social life, social
changes, and social causes, and
consequences of human behavior.
 SOCIOLOGY

It came from the French word which

means “companion“Sociologie” ”
and the Greek word “ology”
meaning the study of.

It was coined or first developed by

French philosopher Auguste Comte.
FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Social Organization

- It pertains to a group
of interacting people with
the same goal. Examples of
these are the top companies
found in the country.
FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY

2. Social Psychology

- It is the study of how

people’s thoughts, feelings,
beliefs, and intentions, and
behavior are influenced by the
social environment.
FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY

3. Applied Sociology

- It is the information
about the society to solve social
issues.
FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY

4. Human Ecology

- It is the study of
interactions between the human
beings and nature in different
cultures.
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY

1. Study the nature 2. Appreciate

of humanity. society.
• It is the systematic study of
government, politics and
political power.

• It tells about political theory, POLITICAL

political philosophy and SCIENCE
ideologies, public
management, human rights,
international relations, and
foreign policies.
 GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Make people better citizens.

2. Keep social order and harmony among different groups of people.

3. Protects the rights of an individual.

4. Avoid conflict and promote cooperation to foster harmony in the

society.
Culture and society
Quarter 1, module 2
objectives

• 1. describe the concept of culture and society;

• 2. identify aspects of culture and society; and
• 3. value the changes of culture and society.
Culture and society
• Culture and society are two complex ideas that are
highly relevant in this subject. These are the two words
of the subject title. These terms influence each other and
continuously change together. Without society, there
would be no culture. Without culture, there would be no
formation of societies.
culture
• Culture shows an adjustment and adaptation to the various conditions of
life, including their physical, social and supernatural environment.
• It is a “complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, moral,
laws, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of a society”.-Edward Tylor
• It is a foundation of man’s endless transaction and continuing interaction
with his environment.
CHARACTERISTI
C OF CULTURE
-culture is not inborn. It
is learned. Unlearned
behavior then, is not
culture.
-Cultural ways are learned by people

from others. Many of these ways are

handed down from elders, parents,

teachers, and others (most likely

individuals of older generation), while

other cultural behaviors are handed up

to elders.
-Culture is not something
that an individual alone
can possess. Culture, in
sociological sense, is
shared.
 -Culture does not exist in
isolation. It is a product of
society. It develops
through social interaction.

social
 -Every society
has a culture of
its own that
differs from
other societies.
The culture of
every society is
unique by itself.
-Culture exists as a continuous
process. In its historical growth,
it tends to become cumulative.
Ralph Linton called culture “the
social heritage” of man. No
culture ever remains constant or
permanent.
- Culture provides proper
opportunities for the satisfaction of
our needs and desires. Our needs,
both biological and social, are
fulfilled in cultural ways.
Types of culture

1. Material culture- it is the physical objects that

people create. Sociologists and anthropologists
use the term artifacts to refer to physical objects of
material culture.

2. Non-material culture- is the

abstract human creations.
Elements of culture
• 1. knowledge refers to any information received and perceived to
be true.
• 2. beliefs- the perception of accepted reality.
• 3. REALITY REFERS TO THE EXISTENCE OF THINGS WHETHER
MATERIAL OR NON-MATERIAL.
• 4. SOCIAL NORMS- THESE ARE ESTABLISHED EXPECTATIONS OF
SOCIETY AS TO HOW A PERSON IS SUPPOSED TO ACT DEPENDING
ON THE REQUIREMENTS OF TIME, PLACE, OR SITUATION.
Different forms of social norms
• 1. folkways- the patterns of repetitive behavior that
are habitual and conventional part of living,
• 2.mores- the set of ethical standards and moral
obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes
human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.
• 3. values- anything held to be relatively worthy,
important, desirable, or valuable.
• 4. TABOOS- are “negative norms”- things that
people find offensive and socially inappropriate if you
are caught doing them.
SOCIETY
• Society refers to the continuous interaction
among individuals formed the society.

• A product of human social processes intended

to meet basic needs for survival is considered
society.
William Isaac Thomas

• is the American sociologist who formulated this

theorem in 1928
• If people define situations as real, they are real
in their consequences,
 Types of societies
1. Hunting and gathering societies

• It is the basic structure of all

human society until about
10,000-12,000 years ago.
• These groups were based
around kinship or tribes.
• They relied on their
surroundings for survival-
they hunted wild animals
using tools and foraged for
uncultivated plants for food.
• They were nomadic. When resources become
scarce, the group moved to a new area to find
sustenance.
• People come close to being socially equal or
egalitarian.
 Types of societies
2. Pastoral societies
• Around 7,500 years ago, human societies
began to recognize their ability to tame
and breed animals.
• They relied on the domestication of
animals as a resource for survival.
• Herding, or pastoral, societies remained
nomadic because they were forced to
follow their animals to fresh feeding
grounds.
Types of societies
3. Horticultural societies

• Developed at the same time as pastoral societies when

they discovered their capacity for people to grow and
cultivate plants.
• They were formed in areas where rainfall and other
conditions allowed them to grow stable crops both for
animal food and their sustenance.
Horticultural societies
• This allowed them to settle permanently in a place
instead of moving from one place to another.
• Specialized occupations (especially by gender) began
to develop as more tasks were done besides herding.
• Societies commenced trading and the concept of
money was developed.
 Types of society
4. Agricultural societies
• Began with Neolithic revolution around
3000 b.c.e.
• They developed new tools for farming
and learned technologies in growing
crops and having better harvest.
• Human settlements grew into towns
and cities, and particularly BOUNTIFUL
REGIONS BECAME CENTERS OF TRADE
AND COMMERCE.
 Types of society

5. Feudal Societies
• They rose most notably in
Europe around 9th century c.e.
And in Japan around 12th
century c.e.
• These societies is structured
with a hierarchical system of
power based around land
ownership, protection, and
mutual obligation.
 Types of society

s
6. Industrial societie

th in Europe with the

• Began in th e 18
a m e n g in e . A n u m b er o f
invention of the ste
ti o n s in fl u en ce d d a ily
va
inventions and inno
lives of people.
w it h th e m ig r a ti o n of serfs
• Urban centers rose
m r u r a l a g r icu ltu ra l
and peasants fro

• Lands to cities.
 Types of society

7. Post-industrial societies
• Information societies, sometimes known as post-
industrial or digital societies, started in late 2oth
century.
• Unlike industrial societies that relied on the production
of material goods, information societies are fueled by
the production of information and services.
• Power lies with those in change of creating, storing,
and distributing information.
 ETHNOCENTRISM
It is a belief that one’s own
culture is better than
others.

They tend to compare,

evaluate, and even judge other
peoples based on the values
and standards set in one’s own
culture.
 ETHNOCENTRISM
- Ethnocentric people
tend to dislike or
make false judgment
on other cultures.
What is Ethnocentrism?
• It is opposite of cultural relativism.

• There is cultural standard or norms in analyzing

different cultures.

• Ethnic bias or cultural bias.

• racisms, discrimination and other hate crimes.

 CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Is a belief that cultures are equally
complex. There is no such thing as
superior or inferior culture.

Cultural relativism is very important in

studying the culture of other people. It is a
way of viewing the beliefs, values and
practices of a culture from its own
viewpoint.
• Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of
the cultures that an individual might encounter along
the way.

• Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the

norms and values of a society – a requirement that
one must subscribe to, regardless of his/her cultural
origin.

• It means that the function and meaning of a trait are

relative to its cultural setting.
•The main concept for cultural
relativism is “No culture is
superior to others”
EVOLUTION
CULTURAL EVOLUTION

• It refers to the changes or development in

cultures from a simple form to a more
complex from one another culture.

• Scientist studied this by analyzing the changes

in the way of life reflected in the different
man-made tools and equipment that they
humans have used.
 BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
• It refers to the changes, modifications and
variations in the genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one generation to
another.

• This includes physical changes in the body of

humans like its shape, size of the body organs,
movement, and development of the feet in a
straight posture (Jeffery 2019).
• The evolution of species happens through
the process of natural selection.

• The reason for occurrence of evolution.

• The Evolution Theory which holds that man
descent from simple forms and transformed
to complex one.
Natural selection.

• Survival of the fittest

“You need to evolve for you to

survive.”
 VARIATION OF HOMINID
Hominids
• It is the general term used to categorize the group
of early humans and other humanlike creatures
that can walk erect during the prehistoric period.
1. Sahelanthropus
• 6-7 million years ago
• It had both apelike and humanlike
characteristics:
• A skull similar to Australopithecus and
modern human.
• Height almost similar to chimpanzee
• Brain size : 320-380 cc
• Small teeth
• Had the ability to walk upright.
2. Ardipithecus
• A.K.A “ape on the ground”
• 5-6 million years ago
• Height about 4 ft.
• Weight about 120 pounds
• Skull size similar to an ape
• Small brain
• Bipedal
• Lived in jungles and forests like
chimpanzees
3. Australopithecus
• A.K.A “Southern Ape”
• 5 million – 1 million years ago
• Brain size: 500 cc or almost 1/3
• size of the modern human brain.
• Upright
• Bipedal
• Tool users not tool makers
• Food scavengers
 4. Homo

• They are classified as humans and not

humanlike creatures because they had
bigger brains and were bipedal.
 VARITIES OF HOMO
a. Homo Habilis- handy
man
• 3-4 feet
• Brain size: 700 cc
 VARITIES OF HOMO
b. Homo Erectus- upright man

• Large brain size: 1,000 cc

• Lived in shelters
• Food gatherers
• Crafted materials
 VARITIES OF HOMO
c. Homo Sapiens- wise
man

• Homo sapiens is the only extant

human
species. The name is Latin for “wise
man”
and was introduced in 1758 by Carl
Linnaeus (who is original himself
type specimen)
2 Types of Homo Sapiens
• 1. Homo sapiens Neanderthelensis/ Neanderthal Man

• They had a brain size larger than modern man and were gigantic in size. They
were carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were hunters. They were
also caving dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they lived in
groups and hunted for food gathering.
2. Homo sapiens (sapiens)

• Also known as “modern-day man” is what we are

today. Compared to the Homo sapiens
neanderthelensis, they became smaller in size and
the brain size reduced to 1300 cc.
• They spread wider from Europe, Australia and the
Americas.
• They were omnivores, had skillful hands, and
developed the power of thinking,
producing art, more
sophisticated tools and
sentiments. s
HUMAN CULTURAL AND
SOCIO-POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT
a. Palaeolithic Age
• The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist
John Lubbock in 1865. It is derived the from Greek
word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos,
"stone", In short, the Palaeolithic Period, which
happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known as "Old
Stone Age".
b. Neolithic Age
• “Neolithic” also comes from the same
archaeologist and from the Greek word “neo”
which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or
in short, the “New Stone Age”.
• is also called as the First Agricultural Revolution
• People depend on domesticated plants and
animals. They learned to create such crafts as
pottery and weaving. They likewise developed
boat as means of transportation
and for fishing as well.
• they built-up villages and towns.
 c. Metal Age
• This period was known as Age of
Metals (4000 B.C – 1500 B.C).

• There were three stages

distinguished within this Age due
to the different types of metals
that were used: The Copper Age,
the Bronze Age and the Iron Age
PALEOLITH NEOLITHIC METAL
IC AGE AGE AGE

Unpolished Polished Use of

stone tools stone tools metals

Hunting and Domestication Tribe,

gathering of plants and empires
animals and state

Living in
Nomadic way
permanent Civilization
of living
places
How artifacts and fossils
help us understand the
cultural, social and
economic developments
of modern humans?
• Fossils are information about human biology,
which include bones and other remains of
human beings. Environmental conditions,
however affect the preservation of fossils.
Artifacts
• It refers to anything modified by man
or made by man including tools,
weapons and other material
creation.
SOCIALIZATIO
N
 SOCIALIZATION
 is a lifelong social experience by which people
interact with one another to learn culture, acquire
their identities, and develop skills for a survival in
the society.
 it is a general process that takes place in specific
contexts. Through this, the members of the society
is being prepared to hold different values, beliefs,
 SOCIALIZATION
 Practices of socialization are those which
involves activities where people will behave
the way they do.
 TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
A. Primary Socialization
• Primary socialization is the
process whereby people learn the
attitudes, values, and actions
appropriate to individuals
as members of a particular
culture.
 TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
B. Anticipatory Socialization
• Anticipatory socialization refers to the
processes of socialization in which a
person "rehearses“ for future positions,
occupations, and social relationships.
• The example of a high school student
who, upon hearing he had been accepted
to a university, began to wear college
student-type clothes.
 AGENTS OF
• Family SOCIALIZATION
• Peers
• Religion
• Government
• Media
• Work
• School
 AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION
• Agents of socialization are
people and/or groups that
influence self-concepts,
emotions, attitudes and
behavior.
 A. FAMILY
 Family or the basic unit
of the society. From
infancy up to the
present age of an
individual, parents and
other family members
have an influence to the
growth and
 B. PEER GROUPS
 Peer groups who reinforce the acceptable behavior of
an individual. Examples of these are barkada and
organizations. Peer groups are the people who share
the same interest which is formed in informal, formal,
spontaneous, and even in a voluntary way.
 C. RELIGION
 is also considered as an agent
of socialization because it
molds and educate an
individual about his/her
spiritual life. Religion has a
great infl uence on the views
and principles of a person.
 D. GOVERNMENT
 is the maker and enforcer of the law
where members of it should abide and
obey to the regulations being reinforced.
The state controls how a person behave
in a certain community.
 E. MASS MEDIA
 includes books, magazines, newspapers,
television, radio, social media, and
movies. This is a powerful agent because
the chosen media of an individual may
speak about his/her choices, character,
and behavior.
 F. WORK PLACE

 employment, money, rules,

roles
 G. SCHOOL
 Schools that nurture the
academic and social
activities of an individual.
This agent is one of the
sources of acquired behavior,
knowledge, beliefs, values,
character, and attitude.
ADULT SOCIALIZATION
- process of role-taking that teaches an individual
to take on duties and greater responsibilities
such as work, raising a family, and being a
parent and spouse.
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

1. Enculturation
 Learning one’s culture for necessity
 is the process by which people learn the dynamics of
their surrounding culture and acquire values and
norms appropriate or necessary in that culture and
worldviews.
 Influences of the individual include parents, other
adults, and peers
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

2. Acculturation
 Lea rning ot her c u lt u re t hrough long c ont a c t s
 proc es s in wh ic h a n individua l a dopt s,
a c quires a nd a dju s t t o a new c ultur a l
env ironm e nt .
MODES OF SOCIALIZATION
3. Cultural Imitation
 Copying, duplication of culture
 is an advanced behavior whereby an individual
observes and replicates another's behavior. Imitation
is also a form of social learning that leads to the
"development of traditions, and ultimately our
culture.
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

4. Cultural Indoctrination
 Culture is formally taught
 is the process of inculcating a person with
ideas, attitudes, cognitive strategies or
professional methodologies.
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

5. Cultural Conditioning
 Culture is learned through rewards and punishment
 the social process in which authority figures such as
parents, professors, politicians, religious leaders,
peers, and the media define our cultural values,
beliefs, ethical systems, and ultimately the way we
perceive ourselves in the world.
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

6. Cultural Amalgamation
 Culture through inter-marriages
 refers to two or more cultures
 blending to create a new unique culture
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

7. Cultural Immersion
 New mode of acquiring culture
 the act of surrounding yourself with the
culture of a place. A unique experience that
can open doors to a deeper understanding of
an unfamiliar place
Example: Exposure trips
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

8. Cultural Accommodation
 You have learned a new culture and added it to your
culture without losing your true cultural identity.
 The process by which individuals may take on values and
beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the
public sphere, while maintaining the parent culture in
the private sphere.
 MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

9. Cultural Assimilation
 Learning a new culture and forgetting previous
cultural identity.
 the process by which a person or a group's
language and/or culture come to resemble
those of another group.
 DILEMMAS IN ADOPTING TO
CULTURE
1. Culture Lag
-Trouble adapting to new culture

2. Culture Shock
-Confusion and disoriented of new
culture
 CULTURE LAG
 Culture lag refers to the tendency for
culture to be slow to adapt to changes in
technology.

 Technological change can happen over night

while some times it takes culture a few
generations to adapt to changes in
technology.
 CULTURE SHOCK
 "Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive
and evaluate what is going on around us". When one
travels into a completely different culture, one
encounters different assumptions that might violate
what we come to expect as normal.

 An individual suddenly immersed in a unique and

unfamiliar setting experiences disorientation.
 Social groups
A group is a collection of individuals
but its members may differ in terms
of what binds these individuals
together. Groups are smaller units
that organized the members of the
society into categories.
Social group can be defined as a collection of people who
regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared
expectations concerning behavior who share a sense of
common identity (Contreras, A. P., et.al. (2016). Social
groups were classified into different categories according
to its set of standards: (1) primary groups; (2) secondary
group; and (3) reference group.
 Primary groups
is a small and intimate social group whose
members share emotion-based, close, and
personal interactions. This group is commonly
long-lasting and the interdependence
among its members is endured by profound
relationships, shared activities, strong personal
identity, and concern for one another.

Primary groups include family and friends.

 Secondary groups
Secondary group can be a small but larger than
primary groups. This group has more specialized terms
ofmostly impersonal, short-term, and objective-
oriented for a certain period of time. membership
with In contrast with the primary group,
interdependence in secondary group is usually not
deep and no intimate interaction among the
members.

Examples of secondary groups are typically found at

work and school. Mutual benefit among the members is
the driving force of these groups to cooperate with each
other. There is no emotional affinity but there is
immediate objective to achieve.
 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Groups
according to Contreras, A.P., et.al. (2016)
Basic Features (in
terms of level of
Group intimacy, duration of Examples
interaction, and
reason for interaction)
Small; characterized by
family,
long-lasting intimate
childhood
Primary relationship which binds
friends, best
the members together
friends
more than the goal
Can be large or small;
project group,
common interests bind
research group,
Secondary the members together
working
more than their
Reference groups
Reference group is a group where an individual compare himself or herself
which can create an impact to one’s standard of attitude and behavior.
Reference groups are used to guide its member into a specific social attitude
and social norms. These groups are commonly knowns as identity association
group because these are created by a person’s desire and choice to provide a
character connection.

The reference group is considered as a source of role models since the

individual uses it as a standard for self-assessment (Atienza, M.E., et. al, 2016).
This can also serve as an agent of socialization and enculturation because it
falls to the category of peer groups and they can be peer pressure in becoming
a member of reference groups.

Reference groups include interest clubs, dance groups, or sports teams.

 Reference groups as Identity Groups according to Contreras, A.P., et.al.
(2016)

Type of reference Basic Features (in terms feeling

Examples
group and belongingness)

church groups,
Social groups to which and
interest clubs,
individual feels he or she belongs.
In-group neighbors,
One feels loyalty and aspect for
schoolmates,
these groups.
fraternity, sorority

sports team
Social groups that an individual
opponent, fans of
does not identify with. One feels
Out-group the rival team,
antagonism and competitiveness for
cliques at school,
these groups.
rival gangs
 Networks
The behavior of primary, secondary, or reference groups doesn’t mean that they
are only limited in terms of membership requirements. An individual often had a
complex membership with different social groups and sometimes there is
variation in terms of interaction and relationship.

Networks refers to the set of linkages, ties, and interconnections among or

between the members of the different social groups. This can be created
formally or informally. With the presence of networks, the connections of a
certain social group is widened when it comes to specific personal,
economic, religious, or political reasons and concerns.
Lesson 6

(Kinship, Marriage
and the Household)
FAMILY
- A type of social institution that unites people by
blood, kinship or alliance into one group within a
society.
- The unifying factor could be that two people
are in love, or simply they want to take care for
each other or they have a similar
personal goal.
VARIATIONS OF FAMILY
a. Nuclear Family – parents and children
stay in one residence.
b. Extended Family – nuclear with other
relatives like grandparents, cousins or
spouse of the children.
c. Reconstituted or Blended Family –
with family from previous marriage.
d. Transnational Type – family is living in
a different country.
KINSHIP

the most universal and basic of all

human relationships and is based on
ties of blood, marriage, or adoption.

Two basic kinds of kinship ties:

1. those based on blood that trace descent
2. those based on marriage, adoption, or
other connections.
TYPES OF KINSHIP
According to relationships

1. Affinal kinship
It includes wife and husband and their new
relations resulting from that marital relation.
The kinship is the result of marriage.
According to relationships
2. Consanguineous kinship
It includes the parents and their children, of a
biological origin or adopted. Among primitive societies,
if the role of a father in the birth of a child is unknown,
the wife’s husband is accepted as father of that child.
-It refers to relationships by descent, such as
parents and their children