UMTS Optimization

Course Content

• WCDMA Features
– Idle Mode Behavior (Air interface review)
– Power control
– Handover
– Capacity management
– Channel switching
• 3G KPIs Monitoring and analysis
– HSDPA
– CQI
WCDMA Radio Network Features
Idle Mode Behavior
• PLMN selection
• Air interface Review
• Cell Selection / Reselection
• Paging
• Location Update and Routing area update
• System Information
What is Idle Mode?

UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :

• UE is Powered ON , while it doesn't have connection to the Radio Network
• UE is synchronized with Radio Network and can read broadcast information , Accordingly UE
can access the Network.
• UE is registered on the network , updating Network with its LAC , Accordingly reachable
Services Types in Idle Mode
• Normal Service
When the UE select accepted level cell in its HPLMN
• Limited Service
UE didn’t find any accepted level cells at its HPLMN it selects any accepted level cell at any
other PLMN
• Operator reserved services
Operator can reserve any cell for testing only and this through two parameters cell reserved
and Access classNbarred
PLMN Selection

PLMN Selection
• What is it ?
• And When it happens ?
• What are the types of PLMN selection?

•PLMN Selection is the process in which the UE decide which PLMN it should register in

•Happens when the Mobile turned on or when the mobile returned back from limiting service

– Automatic PLMN selection

– Manual PLMN selection
Automatic PLMN selection

When the mobile powered on

• The mobile uses information about the last registered PLMN (Freq)
• Mobile search the strongest signal cells and read its system information to get (MCC and MNC)
• If the chosen cell is accepted the mobile try to do the registration
• If the last chosen PLMN not available or there is no stored info in the mobile USIM then the
mobile might select any accepted PLMN
Automatic PLMN selection

• In the automatic selection if no last register PLMN exists or available the Mobile will select the
PLMN that is available as follow
– HPLMN
– Each PLMN in User controlled PLMNs list in the USIM, in order of priority
– Each PLMN in operator controlled PLMN list in the USIM, in order of priority
– Other PLMNs according to the high quality criteria randomly the minimum CPICH RSCP
power is ‐95dBm
– Other PLMNs that don’t fulfill high quality criteria
Initial Cell Selection – Automatic Mode
Manual PLMN Selection
• UE displays all the available PLMNS after carriers scanning
• All the available PLMNs will appear regardless it is allowed or not
Roaming
•UE will be able to obtain services from another PLMN
– Same country (national roaming)
– Another country (international roaming)
• Every 30 minutes the UE try to reselect its home PLMN
Air Interface
TDMA TRANSMITTER

Sync.
Bits

Control/
Signaling Error
Protection
Data

Error
Vocoder Protection
Filter + RF
Modulator
Error Data
Vocoder Protection
Multiplexer

Error
Vocoder Protection

Error
Vocoder Protection
WCDMA TRANSMITTER
Channelization Scrambling
code 1 Code

Sync.
Bits
Scrambling
Channelization
Code
code 2
Control/
Signaling Error
Protection
Data
Channelization Scrambling
code 3 Code

Error
Vocoder Protection

Error Linear Filter + RF

Vocoder Protection Summation
Modulator

Error
Vocoder Protection

Channelization Scrambling
code N Code

Error
Vocoder Protection
In all radio systems the air interface will add noise to the signal This will produce a distortion in
the received signal.

Analog Cellular

Digital Cellular

•In the case of an analogue cellular system the human ear perform error correction of this
received signal and noise.

•However in digital systems we do not have this case, This noise will result in bit errors,
o logic 1 could be interpreted as a logic 0
o logic 0 could be interpreted as a logic 1.

•All digital systems must have some method of overcoming these errors.
CRC for Error Detection
CRC –Cyclic Redundancy Check
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) coding is used in error detection.

CRC is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER).

Transmitter

Receiver

IF mismatching in check sum

The is an error
Error Correction
1-Send the information a number of times

Receiver could select which message is most correct by a “best out of three” decision.
The more times the data is transmitted the better is the error protection.
However the bandwidth is also increased proportionally

There are two basic types of FEC available, block or continuous codes

• Block Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)

• Continuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)

LOGICAL CHANNELS
1-LOGICAL CHANNELS
Logical channel types are classified into two groups:
• Control channels for the transfer of control information
• Traffic channels for the transfer of user information.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Downlink channel for broadcasting system information.

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Downlink channel that transfers paging information and is used when the UE is in idle
mode.

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Used by the UE needs to access the network.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between
UE and the network.

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for transferring user
information. A DTCH can exist in the uplink and downlink.
Transport CHANNELS
2-Transport CHANNELS
Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH)
• The dedicated transport channel carries all the information intended for the given user
o Service data, such as speech frames
o Higher layer control information, such as handover commands or measurement
reports from the terminal.

Common Transport Channels

o Broadcast Channel
o Forward Access Channel
o Paging Channel
o RACH
o DSCH
2-Transport CHANNELS (Cont’d)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
• Continuous transmission of system and cell information

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

• Control signaling during call setup
• Packet data transmission in low rates

Paging Channel (PCH)

• When the network wants to initiate communication with the terminal.

RACH
• The RACH is an uplink transport channel used to make requests to set up a connection

DSCH
• The DSCH is always associated with a downlink DCH.
Physical CHANNELS
Common Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Channels
Downlink Indication Channels
•Common Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)

-Broadcasts cell information

SCH Synchronization Channel (DL)

- Fast Synch.

S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)

-Carries both the Paging Channel (PCH) and the Forward Access Channel (FACH).

P-CPICH Primary Common Pilot Channel (DL).

Aids channel estimation (handover and cell selection).

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) UL

This channel is used to carry access requests
•Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL/UL)

-Transmits user dedicated data to RBS
-Used for sending dedicated data

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL/UL)

-Signaling and control to UE’s
o Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits

•Downlink Indication Channels

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel

-Acknowledges that RBS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt

PICH Page Indication Channel

Informs a UE if it should monitor the Paging Channel
Layers generate channel types
Uu interface

Control Plane User Plan (User data)

RRC Layer 3

SRB RB

RLC
Logical Channels Logical Channels
Layer 2
MAC
Transport Channels

Physical Layer
Layer 1
Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
•The different transport channels are mapped to different physical channels.

•There exist physical channels to carry only information relevant to physical layer procedures.
o Synchronization Channel (SCH)
o Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
o Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
[Are not directly visible to higher layers]
•A DCH is mapped onto two physical channels.
o The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
o Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Channel mapping
Logical Channel Physical Channel
Transport Channel

Common Control
Channel (CCCH) Primary Common Control Physical
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Channel (PCCPCH)

RBS
Secondary Common Control
DCCH /DTCH
Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Forward Access Channel
(FACH)

Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH)
Paging Control Paging Channel (PCH)
Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channel

RACH (DPDCH)
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
UE
DCH Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (DPCCH)

DSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH)

Uplink Common Packet Physical Common Packet Channel

Channel(CPCH) (PCPCH)
Physical Channel Layer Structure

•A physical channel consists of a three-layer structure

o Super frames,
o radio frames, and
o time slots.

o Super frame
A Super frame has duration of 720ms and consists of 72 radio frames. The super frame
boundaries are defined by the System Frame Number (SFN)
o Radio frame
A Radio frame is a processing unit of 10ms length, which consists of 15 time slots.
o Time slot
A Time slot is a unit that consists of 2560 chips that represent the information
symbols. The number of symbols per time slot depends on the physical channel.
Frame Structure of the Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCCH)

DPDCH Data

DPCCH Pilot TPC TFI

Slot 0 Slot 14
Radio Frame
10 ms

Radio Frame

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame i 14 0 Frame 72

720 ms
Cell selection
Cell selection procedure
• Squal = Qqualmeas – qQualMin (For WCDMA)

– Qqualmeas is CPICH Ec/No

– qQualMin is minimum required Ec/No

• Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas ‐ qRxlevMin (for all cells)

– Qrxlevmeas is CPICH RSCP

– qRxlevMin is minimum required RSCP

• The cell consider as accepted if

• Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0

Cell selection procedure(Cont’d)
• Cell selection occurs when

• When UE is switched on
• When UE in idle mode has had a number of failed RRC connection request
• When a UE returns to idle mode from the connection mode on common channel (cell‐
FACH)
• UE returns to idle mode from connected mode (cell‐DCH)
• When a UE returns to idle mode after an emergency call on any PLMN
Cell Re-selection
Cell reselection procedure
• When it occurs
– When cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable
– When there is any neighbor with better quality than the selected one
– When the UE in the limited service state on an acceptable cell
– When the UE is in cell _FACH state

3G F1 3G F2 GSM

3G F1
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
1- Intra frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= Sintrasearch

SintraSearch : Controls when intra‐frequency measurements are performed

Qqualmeas – qQualMin <= Sintrasearch

Qqualmeas <= Sintrasearch + qQualMin

2. Inter frequency measurements starts when

Squal <= SinterSearch

Sintersearch : Controls when intra‐frequency measurements are performed

Qqualmeas – qQualMin <= SinterSearch

Qqualmeas <= SinterSearch + qQualMin

Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
3. GSM measurements starts when

Squal <= sRatSearch

Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin

Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin

OR Srxlev <= SHcsRat

sRatSearch : Controls quality Threshold at which GSM measurements are performed

SHcsRat : Controls Signal Strength Threshold at which GSM measurements are performed
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
Qqualmeas

-14
SRAT Search=4dB

Qqualmin
-18

GSM measurement

Time
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
QRxlevmeas

-112
SHcsSearch=3dB

Qrxlevmin
GSM measurement
-115

Time
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
• When the UE triggers a cell reselections procedure it starts ranking for the cell satisfy
S‐criteria (Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0) and the ranking will be according R‐criteria

– R(serving)= Qmeas(s)+qHyst(s)
– R(neighbor)= Qmeas(n)‐qOffset(s,n)

• Qmeas: is the quality value of the received signal which is derived from
o CPICH Ec/No or
o CPICH RSCP

• qHyst(s): hystersis value sent to mobile in system information used to delay the reselection
o qHyst1 if the ranking based on CPICH RSCP
o qHyst2 if the ranking based on CPICH Ec/No
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
• qOffset(s,n): is the offset between the serving and the neighbor cell also used to shift the cell
boarder
– qOffset1sn : if the ranking based on RSCP.
– qOffset2sn : if the ranking based on Ec/No

• qualMeasQuantity is the parameter that determine if we will do the ranking based on RSCP or
Ec/No

• The UE reslect the better cell if it stay better for time interval more than Treselection
Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)
UMTS to UMTS cell
Qmeas
R(S) Qmeas(n)
R(n) >R(S) R(n)
qHyst2=4 qOffset2SN=o
Qmeas(S)

TreSelection

Cell Re-Selection to Neig Time

Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)

UMTS to GSM cell Reselection

Cell reselection procedure(Cont’d)

UMTS to GSM cell Reselection

Qmeas S‐criteria
Srxlev > 0 Qmeas(n) (GSM)
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas ‐ qRxlevMin
Qrxlevmin
qoffset1SN
R(S)
R(N)
qHyst1=4

qrxlevmin
+SHcsSearch

Cell Re-Selection to Neig (GSM)

TreSelection

R(N)>R(S)
Time
Qmeas(S)
GSM measurements

Qmeas(S)< qrxlevmin+SHcsSearch
Location Update and Routing area update
• If the LAI or RAI read on system information has been changed then the UE tries to do RA
or LA registration Update
• During the idle mode when the UE changes its location or routing area it should do LAU or RAU
• LAU and RAU managed by CN

Example :LOCATION UPDATING 1 2

2
3
4 RNC
5

1-The UE reads from system information that the LAI is not the same as that stored in the USIM. This triggers
the UE to update the location area.

2-The UE tries to access the network and sends a request message to the RNC, via the RBS
The RNC checks if it is possible to allocate a dedicated channel to the UE.

3- Resources in the RBS and over the Iub interface are reserved by the RNC and are ACK by the RBS

4. Information about the new channel is sent to the UE with a setup message.

5. Synchronization is achieved between the UE and the RBS, and the UE sends a complete message.
Location Update and Routing area update(Cont’d)
1 2 7
2
3 8
4 RNC VLR HLR
MSC 10
5 11
6
9
12
13
6-The UE sends the request to update the location information to the CN.
o This message also carries the IMSI and old LAI.
o Iu signaling bearer is set up between the RNC and the CN.
o There is now a signaling connection between the UE and the CN.
o As this is the first time the UE accesses this service area the subscriber is unknown in the VLR.

7-The VLR sends a request to the subscriber’s HLR for Authentication Information.
8- The HLR sends this information to the VLR.
9-MSC/VLR starts to authenticate the subscriber.
o This message is transparent over WCDMA RAN.

10-After Authentication, the VLR asks the HLR to update its Location information for the IMSI and with the
new VLR address
11- VLR receives an acknowledgement from the HLR.
12-The MSC/VLR transmits an acceptance to the UE, UE updates the location information in the USIM.

13- The signaling connection is released. First the UE is told to release the connection then the RBS
Location Update and Routing area update(Cont’d)
Types of Updates

– Periodic
oOccurs periodically after timer T3212 for LAU or T3312 for RAU
oThe value of the timer sent to the UE over BCCH in the IMSI attach or in RAU
oCN parameter.
owhen the UE is in connected mode and the timer expired then the UE wait until enter idle
mode again to perform the periodic LA

– Normal
oOccurs when the UE change its LA or RA, the UE discover the changes after comparing the new
Cell RAC or LAC with the stored values in the USIM
IMSI attach and detach

• IMSI attach occurs when the UE activated and the detach occurs when UE deactivated
• This function used to prevent unnecessary paging for the off UEs
• IMSI attach is an optional function and it is managed by cell parameter called ATT sent to UE
over BCCH
– If ATT set to 1 it means the UE should do IMSI attach and detach
Paging
• Is the process through it the CN inform the UE there is a service request or RAN inform all the
UEs that the System information has been updated

• Paging occurs in the following states

– Idle
– URA‐PCH (SRB)
– Cell‐FACH (SRB and RAB)
– Cell‐DCH

• Paging in Idle mode and URA‐PCH

o PICH and S‐CCPCH are used to page the UE
o PICH used to tell the UE when to read S‐CCPCH
o S‐CCPCH used to carry RRC message type1 which includes actual paging info and the
number of times the WCDMA RAN will retransmit the paging

• Paging in cell‐FACH and cell‐DCH

o When the establish connection between UE and RAN is existing Paging type 2 message are
sent to the user it is carried on DCCH so it is only for one user.
System Information
System Information(Cont’d)
The UE read System information when
– Powered on
– Cell change in idle mode or Cell‐FACH
– UE switches from Dedicated mode to Common Mode.
– Timer expires for SIBs with expiration time.
Power Control
 Power

Eb
Eb
No

No
Ec
Freq

Eb C RC
 
No I Rb
To achieve the required BLER for each service their must be Eb/No requirements

WCDMA is based on QPSK modulation technique

100

1  E 
10-2
Pe  erfc b 
2  N0 
Pe (Probability of bit error)

10-4

10-6

10-8

10-10

10-12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Eb/No (dB)
Power

Signal (Eb/No) Eb/No = Eb/No Required

OK I can Decode
Interference (No)
1 Carrier (5MHz)

Power

Signal Eb/No <Eb/No Required

(Eb/No)
Interference (No) Can’t decode

1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power control is on Both links:-
• DL power control ( Capacity issue )
• UL power control ( Coverage issue )

DL power control (Capacity issue)

Power

Eb/No > Eb/No Required

Eb/No = Eb/No Required

1 Carrier (5MHz)

Power Interference Capacity

UL power control (coverage issue)

Power
Eb/No required

Freq.

Max TX power

Cell Breathing
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops
1- Open-loop
2- Inner-loop
3- Outer-loop
UL Power Control
1- Open-loop power control(UL)
o At beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power
o MS estimates an initial minimum required power
o If no response received from Node-B, MS retries with a slightly higher power until
acknowledgement received
Power Ack

Pini
PC Introduction(Cont’d)

2- Inner-Loop Power Control (UL)

SIR received is compared to target SIR
• SIR > Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to decrease it’s power to reach target
• SIR< Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to increase it’s power to reach target
Note:
Power control commands reaches up to 1500 command per second able to over come fast
fading
PC Introduction(Cont’d)
3- Outer-Loop Power Control(UL)
BLER

BLER increase BLER Decrease

 BLER > blerQualityTarget  BLER < blerQualityTarget
 SIR target is increased  SIR target is decreased
 hence sent power control commands  hence sent power control commands
to MS to increase it’s power so that to MS to decrease it’s power (able to
BLER decreased achieve SIR target with lower power )

SIR Target
SIR Target

MS Power
MS Power
RNC BLER
RNC BLER
1-Downlink Open Loop Power Control 2-Downlink Inner Loop Power Control

UL and DL Inner Loop Power Control aim to

maintain a required SIR target for
each connected UE.

3-Downlink Outer loop Power Control

Two alternative algorithms for uplink Outer Loop Power control can be implemented.

Constant Step Regulator algorithm Jump Regulator algorithm

SIR target SIR target

BLER
ulSirStep
Ratio
ulSirStep

ulSirStep

BLER
BLER
CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time
Parameters
•ulSirStep
ulSirStep = 10 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
•ulSirStepTti2
ulSirStepTti2 = 5 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
•sirMax
sirMax = 100 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
•sirMaxTti2
sirMaxTti2 = 173 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
•sirMin
sirMin = -82 { -82..173 }
Minimum allowed SIR target.
Unit: 0.1 dB
•ulOuterLoopRegulator
The parameter determines the algorithm to be used in UL Outer loop power control
0  CONSTANT_STEP
1 JUMP
•Each node-B in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the UE.

•Received TPC commands may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio propagation
conditions experienced by each of links.

•Consequently, the transmitted power at different RBSs will start to drift

•Power Balancing prevents this power drift problem

Power Drift

BS Power TPC BS Power

TP

Com
CC
om

m
ma

and
nd
•Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.
•At the beginning of the cycle reference power is calculated
•Reference power = average of all Radio Link (RL) powers
•Over the next eight frames the power of each RL is adjusted back to this reference

Reference value (average) Power Drift

BS Power
TP

TP
CC
C

om
Co

ma
m

nd
m
an
d

P(k) = P(k-1) + Pbal

RNC
Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.
dlPcMethod Comment

FIXED •Both Power Balancing and downlink Inner Loop Power Control are disabled

NO BALANCING •Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active, but Power Balancing is never started

•Power Balancing is activated and runs in parallel with downlink Inner Loop Power
Control when more than one Radio Link Set (RLS) is involved in the connection
between the UE and UTRAN.
•Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is always active.
BALANCING

Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active as long as one single RLS is involved in
the connection between the UE and UTRAN.
FIXED As soon as an additional RLS enters the active set, downlink Inner Loop Power
BALANCING Control is disabled, and Power Balancing is activated
Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BS’s
Handover should be less noticeable

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Missing Neighbour Problem
2G Missing Neighbour Problem

Cel
Ce

Cell E

Cel
Cell C
ll B
Cel

D l

l
lA

F
Cell A  Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell B  Cell C A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell C  Cell D A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell D  Cell E A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell E  Cell F A & B must be neighbor cells
2G Missing Neighbour Problem(Cont’d)
Missing Neighbor Cells
A B C D E F

Ce Cell
ll B B
Ce

Cell E

Cel
ll B
Cel

l
lA

F
Cell A  Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell B  Cell C A & C are not neighbors
Cell B  Cell D B & D are not neighbor
Cell B  Cell E A & E must be neighbor cells
Cell E  Cell F E & F must be neighbor cells
3G Missing Neighbour Problem(Cont’d)
Missing Neighbor Cells

3G Cell1 3G Cell 2

3G
Ce
ll
3G C
1 ell 1

3G All have the same frequency

Interference Figure at 3G cell 2

Power
3G Cell 2 User

Signal (Eb/No) < Required Can’t

Decode
Signal  = Required Eb/No Can
(Eb/No)
Decode 
3G cell 1 user
3G cell 1 user
Interference (No)
3G Cell 2 User Interference (No)
3G Missing Neighbour Problem(Cont’d)

BS[1] BS[2]

RNC RNC
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•When the UE is in soft handover it receives (possibly different) TPC commands from all cells in its active set.

•All of these commands are combined, yielding a single combined TPC command that tells the UE to increase
or decrease the transmit power

RNC RNC RNC RNC

•Network takes advantage of having several simultaneous radio links

•UL power of UE can be lowered reducing UL interference and increasing system capacity
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Without Soft/Softer Handover
• At the edge of the node-B
o UE entering a new cell area without being power controlled by the detected cell
o At the edge UE would transmit on full power for UL.
o The UE transmitting on full power would cause UL interference in other node-Bs.
o Reducing the capacity of other node-Bs.

•Protection from UEs becoming severe disturbers.

o In 3GPP UE can report Detected Cells.
o If the detected cell quality measure exceeds the quality measure of the best cell in the Active Set by the
amount of releaseConnOffset dBs
o Connection will be released in order to avoid the UE staying in that cell area without being power
controlled by the Power Control function of that cell.
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Field Example
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/Softer Handover(Cont’d)
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with
two BS’s
Handover should be less noticeable

Node-B 1 Node-B 2

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing

Node-B 1
Soft/Softer Handover(Cont’d)

Ac 3
tiv A S)
eS ll (
et e
Acti C etC
ve ell S
Set 2(A tive
C e ll S) A c
1 (A
S)
Missing Neighbor Cells

Detected Neighbor Mo n i
tor N
e ighbo
r
bo r

M
on
eigh

ito
rN
dN

ei g
ecte

hb
Missing Neighbor Cells

or
Det
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)

Handovers in 3G consists of two parts

o Evaluation part
 UEs designed to evaluate and send measurement reports to the system when certain events
occur.

Event
Triggered

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE

• measurement criteria

MEASUREMENT REPORT
SRNC
•Event occurred
Measured cell •which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold

 Evaluation part triggers the corresponding handover execution part.

o Execution part.
 Triggered by the evaluation results, allocates resources and performs the actual Handover
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE

• measurement criteria
SRNC

Hysteresis and Time to Trigger Concept

•Due to fluctuations we need to limit the amount of event-triggered reports

•Hysteresis parameter should be considered with reporting event.
•The value of the hysteresis is given to the UE in the reporting criteria field of the MEASUREMENT CONTROL
message that SRNC sends.
•In general, The condition to trigger the event is that
 Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or – (H/2)
 Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or – (H/2) during a time equal or greater than the corresponding time to
trigger.
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)

Filtering, Offsetting, and Weighting before Reporting

•Filtering
 The measured values are filtered by the UE before comparing the result values with the event report
criteria. .
 The layer 3 filter formula is as follows:

Where,
Fn Result of current measurement filter.
Fn-1 Result of last filter.
Mn Current measurement result.
a =1/2^(k/2) Filter coefficient calculated based on the filter factor K (FilterCoeff (Intra)).
•Offsetting
 Offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative,
 Offset is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an event has occurred
or not.
 The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message sent from the
SRNC to the UE.

•Weighting
 Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in evaluation criteria for
reporting events.
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Series of events are defined in 3GPP to trigger criteria for Soft/Softer(HO)
 Event 1a (add)
o When a cell, not included in the Active Set, enters the reporting range.
 Event 1b(delete)
o When a cell, included in the Active Set, leaves the reporting range,

Measurement
quantity
Event 1A Event 1b
P_CPICH
best cell

reportingRange1a

Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
reportingRange1b
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2

P_CPICH cell 1
TTT1b
TTT1a time
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Event 1a condition

R1a:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1A.
H1a:
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1A.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of the new cell outside the active set.
CIONew:
Offset of cell outside active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation standards.

Ec Ec H 1a
NewNotAS   bestcell AS   R1a 
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Event 1b condition

R1b:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1B.
H1b :
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1B.
MOld:
Refers to measurement of cell in the active set.
CIOOld:
Refers to offset of cell in active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Refers to the weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation
standards.

Ec Ec H 1b
old AS   bestcell AS   R1b 
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
 Event 1c
o When a cell, not included in the Active set, becomes stronger than the weakest cell in the Active
set,
o The UE sends an event 1c report to the RNC. If the reported cell is :
 Valid neighbor
 Active Set is full
o Reported cell is proposed as a replacement for the weakest cell in the Active set.
Measurement Event 1C
quantity

AS Cell 1

AS Cell 2

Hysteresis1c/2
Hysteresis1c/2
AS Cell 3

Cell 4
TTT1C time
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Event 1C condition

 H1c
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1C.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of cell outside the active set.
MInAS:
Refers to the cell with poorest quality in the active set.
CIONew:
Refers to offset of cell outside the AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation).
CIOInAS:
Refers to offset of cell with poorest quality in AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).

Ec Ec H 1c
newnotAS   Poorest AS  
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
 Event 1d
o When any (Active Set, Monitored set, and Detected) cell becomes stronger than the best cell in
the Active Set, during a time at least equal to timeToTrigger1d, event 1d occurs
Measurement Event 1d
quantity AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2

Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
AS Cell 3

time

•Event 1d condition TTT1d

MNotBest:
Refers to the measurement of cell within or outside the active set.
CIONotBest:
Refers to the offset of cell within the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)) or outside the active set
(CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)) in relation to other cells.
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)

CIOBest:
Refers to offset of cell in the active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the cell in the active set.
H1d:
Refers to Event 1D report hysteresis

Ec Ec H 1d
new _ notbest _ notAS / AS   best _ AS  
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Cont’d)
•Summary

Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
• measurement criteria

MEASUREMENT REPORT
SRNC
• Event occurred
Measured cell • which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold Evaluation RNC
Evaluation
Evaluates which cells should be proposed
to be added, removed, or replaced in the Active Set

Radio Link Radio Link

Add/Removal/Replace ”Active Set Update” Add/Removal/Replace

”Active Set Update Complete”

Execution
Take Action
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM
WCDMA TO GSM
INTER RAT
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Go to 2G

2d event 3A event
Hysteresis 2F/2
2F threshold

UMTS Cell
2d Threshold

hysteresis2d/2
Hysteresis 3A/2

3A GSM Threshold

Hysteresis 3A/2

GSM Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold

Ec
3G _ Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold  H 3A

No 2 Trigger Event 3A and 3G to 2G

& execution start
2G _ meas _ Cell 3A GSM Threshold  H 3A

2
INTER RAT (Cont’d)
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM(Cont’d)

UE Node-B SRNC CN/UMSC Target BSS

”Measurement Report” (Event 2d)

evaluating the
report

Compressed Mode Control

Measurement control message

• measurement criteria 3A Event

”Measurement Report” (Event 3A)

evaluating the
report

”Relocation Required”
GSM ”Handover Request”

GSM ”Handover Request Ack”

”Relocation Command”

Handover from UTRAN Command

GSM HO access

GSM ”Handover Complete”

Connection Release
Dedicated radio link release
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Inter –Freq HO
2d event 2b event
Hysteresis 2F/2% 2F threshold

Currently used frequency

2d Threshold

Hysteresis 2b/2

nonusedFreqThresh4_2b

Hysteresis 2b/2
Non-used frequency usedFreqThresh4_2b

Ec
Used _ Freq 2b_ Threshold Used_Freq  H 2b

No 2 Trigger Event 2b and IF execution start

&

NonUsed _ Freq 2b_ Threshold NonUsed_Freq  H 2b

Ec
No 2
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Cont’d)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Cont’d)
Inter-frequency Handover sequence

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE

SRNC • measurement criteria

Perform
Measured cell (X)
Measurement
fulfilled the
threshold
UE Evaluation

MEASUREMENT REPORT
• Event 2b

Physical Channel Reconfiguration

Execution Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete

Take Action

Radio Link Release

INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Cont’d)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Cont’d)
Inter-frequency Handover Tactic

Event 2A: The best carrier frequency changes.

Ec
NonBest 
Ec
Best  H 2A

No No 2

Event 2C: The quality of non-working carrier

frequency is higher than a threshold.

Ec
NonUsed 2C_ Threshold NonUsed  H 3C

No 2
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
•Certain idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE can perform measurements on other
frequencies.

•Compressed mode must be initiated for Inter-RAT/inter-frequency measurement.

•Two different methods are used to create these idle periods
 SF/2
 HLS

•Halving of Spreading Factor (SF)

•Current SF = (Used SF )/2
•Consume more radio resources to transmit the normal amount of user data.
 Power
 Code

•Higher Layer Scheduling

•The amount of data scheduled during compressed frames is reduced ,so that it can fit in the decreased
number of available slots.
•Some timeslots in a radio frame are assigned for inter-frequency/Inter-RAT measurement and some are
assigned for data transmission.

•This strategy is used for non-real time services with low requirements for delay,
Compressed Mode (Cont’d)
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame
Radio Frame
0 14 0 14 0 14 0 14

10 ms

Rc Chip Rate =3.84 Mcps

Number of Chips in TS= (3.84Mcps*10ms)/15 = 2560 chip

SF = Chip Rate/ Bit Rate

# Bits = # Chips / SF

Ex.1 SF=128 Ex. 2 SF= 64

# of bits =2560/128 =20 *2 = 40 bit # of bits =2560/64 =40 *2 =80 bit

With in the Frame 40*15 = 600 bit With in the Frame 80*7.5=600 bit
 WCDMA Service Integrity

Channel Switching
 WCDMA Service Integrity

Channel Switching is applied only to best effort packet data traffic

Channel Switching is activated in connected mode and handles switches between the different
states or to idle mode.

There are two states in connected mode:

Dedicated state (Cell_DCH)

Dedicated resources
common state (Cell_FACH)
Common resources
Low bit rate services

The switches between dedicated and common states are handled by WCDMA RAN without the
involvement of the Core Network.
 WCDMA Service Integrity

Cell_DCH EUL/HS

Dedicated Channels
Cell_DCH 384/HS

Cell_DCH 64/HS
SHO can initiate a switch if
it fails to add a RL
Upswitch Cell_DCH 64/384
based on throughput

Cell_DCH 64/128
Common to Dedicated
Down switch based on
based on buffer size
throughput or inactivity
or activity Cell_DCH 64/64 or coverage

Dedicated to common
Common Channel Cell_FACH
based on UL/DL user
throughput
Idle mode
Activity
No activity
 WCDMA Service Integrity

The Channel Switching algorithm consists of the following sub-algorithms:

• Common to Dedicated Evaluation

• Dedicated to Common Evaluation

• Common to Idle Evaluation

• Dedicated to Dedicated Up switch Evaluation

• Dedicated to Dedicated Down switch Evaluation

• Multi-RAB Up switch Evaluation

• Multi-RAB Down switch Evaluation

 WCDMA Service Integrity

Switching Counters
•pmNoOfSwDownNgCong
Shows number of down switches from a dedicated channel to a common channel initiated
by congestion control.

•PmNoOfSwDownNgAdm
Shows number of down switches within dedicated channels initiated by admission control

Channel Switching uses the below as input to the algorithms.

• Buffer load

• Throughput

• Transmitted Code Power

 WCDMA Service Integrity

Buffer load(UP Switch)

•The Common to Dedicated Evaluation algorithm monitors the amount of user data buffered in
the RNC or UE.

RLC buffer size (bytes) (UL/DL)

dlRlcBufUpswitch or
ulRlcBufUpswitch

Time (s)

Parameter Name Default Value Value Range Resolution Unit

dlRlcBufUpswitch 500 0..2000 100 bytes
ulRlcBufUpswitch 256 8; 16; 32; 64; 128; 256; 512; 1024; 2048; 3072; 4096; 6144; 8192 bytes
 WCDMA Service Integrity

Throughput (Down Switch)

The Dedicated to Common Evaluation algorithm monitors the transmitted user data.
Throughput (kbps)
(UL/DL)

downswitchTimerThreshold

downswitchTimer
downswitchThreshold

Time (s)

Downswitch request
downswitchTimer downswitchTimer stops
No downswitch
Parameter Name Default Value Value Range Resolution Unit
downswitchThreshold 0 0..32 1 kbps
downswitchTimerThreshold 0 0..64 1 kbps
downswitchTimer [1] [0..100] [0.5] [s]
 WCDMA Service Integrity

Transmitted Code Power

The Coverage Triggered Down switch Evaluation algorithm monitors the DL code power
Transmitted DL
Code Power Max Code Power

downswitchPowerMargin
Power alarm
threshold
Cell A

Down switch
Coverage Time (s)
Transmitted DL
Code Power Timer Max Code Power

downswitchPowerMargin

Power alarm
threshold Cell B

Down switch
Coverage Time (s)
Timer
Parameter Name Default Value Value Range Resolution Unit
downswitchPwrMargin [1] [0 ... 10] [0.5] [dB]
coverageTimer [1] [0 ... 10] [0.1] [s]
Load Control
Load Control
Load Control (Cont’d)

PUC (potential user control)

Based on the cell load PUC works

o If the load becomes heavy ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection parameters and
broadcast them ,PUC leads UEs to neighboring cells with less load

o If the cell load becomes normal PUC uses the parameters configured

o If the cell load becomes light ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection parameters and
broad cast them ,PUC leads UEs to this cell
Load Control (Cont’d)
ICAC (intelligent call admission control)
UE access control procedures
1-UE send a connection setup request
2-RNC and CN negotiate the service rate according to the requested
3-RNC judges whether the cell resource allow the access
o IF yes RNC admits the UE
o IF no the RNC go to step 4
4-RNC judges whether pre-emption is allowed
o If yes RNC performs pre-emption ,if pre-emption succeed ,the RNC admit the UE
o If no the RNC go to step 5
5-RNC Judges weather queuing is allowed
o If yes ,the RNC perform queuing ,if queuing success the RNC admit the UE
o If no the RNC go to step 6
6-RNC performs DRD
o If the DRD success ,the RNC admit the user
o If no the RNC go to step 7
7- RNC reject the access request
Load Control (Cont’d)

The admission decision is based on

o Cell available code resource
o Cell available power resource
o Node-B resource state
o Available IUB transport layer resource
Load Control (Cont’d)
The algorithm Chooses UEs for Pre-emption
oThe pre-emption capability of the request
Indicating whether this request can preempt a lower priority radio connection or not in
case of resource shortage.

oPre-emption results in the release of one or more RABs according to their priority

oThe priority level (1.. 15) where value 15 means 'no priority' and 1 is highest priority.

oThe pre-emption capability indicator (PCI) which consists of two values,

(Indicates the pre-emption capability of the request)
o 'shall not trigger pre-emption'
o 'may trigger pre-emption'.

oThe pre-emption vulnerability indicator (PVI) with the values

o “not pre-emptable”
o “pre-emptable”
PVI indicates whether a RAB in the connection can be released due to the admission of a higher
priority (pre-emption capable request) or not.
Load Control (Cont’d)

LDR load reshuffling

oWhen the cell is in basis congestion RNC can take one of the following steps
 Inter-frequency load handover
 Rate reduction
 CS inter RAT
 PS inter RAT

OLC over load control

oWhen the cell is highly over loaded may lead to instability and dropped calls
oOLC can rapidly reduce the load
Admission and congestion
control
1- Admission control
•Function
blocks new incoming calls
block handover attempts

•When
High load on the air interface

•How
Measurements of uplink interference
Downlink output power
Actual number of users.
2- Congestion control
Function
Reduces bit rates of existing connections kets
ac
Removes existing connections. (B E) p
te
bi t ra
When uc es
Re d
In case of overload (increased power
requirement of the user)

How
It uses Power measurements
Example
When the Cell load rises due to the increased power requirement for UE that is moving away
from the RBS.
When this load reaches a defined limit the RBS reduce it by delaying Best Effort (BE) packets.
This is achieved by switching BE users to lower rate common channels.

Best effort packets

Little quality of service (not guaranteed bit rate),i.e. WAP, Email and MMS ,… 121
Uplink Congestion Control

RTWP Congestion Congestion resolved

IFHYST IFHYST

IFCong

Time
Downlink Congestion Control

DL transmitted power
Congestion Congestion resolved

Pwrhyst Pwrhyst

PWROffset

PWRAdm

Time
System Resource
The following set of system resources are relevant within the Capacity Management scope:

o Per Cell:
1-Downlink channelization codes
2-Downlink transmitted carrier power
3-Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink and downlink
4-Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP)
5-The number of radio links per DL Spreading Factor
6-The number of radio links per UL Spreading Factor
7-The number of radio links in compressed mode
8-The number of serving HS connections
9-The number of serving EUL connections
10-The number of serving 2 ms TTI EUL connections
11-The number of non-serving EUL connections

o Per Hardware Pool:

1-RBS hardware utilization
Key Performance Indicators
KPIs
 Main 3G KPIs

• Traffic (CS)
• R99 RABs Establishment success rate
• RRC success rate
• Call drop Rate
• HS establishment rate
• R99 & HS & EUL throughput
• Handover
IRATHO
Success
Rate 100*<HOSUCC>/<HOTT>
HS to
FACH 100*(<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>/<pmPsIntHsToFachatt>)
CDR 100*((<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>)/
HSDPA (<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoNormalRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoSuccRbRec
NEW onfPsIntDch>+<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>))
CDR_CS 100*(<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>/
_SP (<pmNoNormalRabReleaseSpeech>+<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>))
CDR_C
S_VIDE 100*<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs64>/
O (<pmNoNormalRabReleaseCs64>+<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs64>)
FACH
to HS (<pmupswitchFachHsSuccess>/<pmupswitchFachHSAttempt>)*100
HS2DC If <pmHsToDchAttempt>=0 Then 1 Else
H (<pmHsToDchSuccess>/<pmHsToDchAttempt>)
RAB_H
SDPA_
EST_RA 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs>/
TE <pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveHs>
RAB_P
KT_EST 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive>/
_SUC% <pmNoRabEstablishAttemptPacketInteractive>
RAB_S
PE_EST 100*(<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessSpeech>/
_SUC% <pmNoRabEstablishAttemptSpeech>)
 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessCs64>/
RAB_VID_EST_SUC% <pmNoRabEstablishAttemptCs64>

RRC_CON_SUC% 100*<pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccess>/<pmTotNoRrcConnectReq>
SHO_Succ_Rate 100*<SHO_Success>/<SHO_Attempts>

DCH to HSDPA
Success Rate %: 100*(<pmDlUpswitchSuccessHs>/<pmDlUpswitchAttemptHs>)
Thank You
HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Why HSDPA?
Gain more throughput per cell and higher bit rate per user.

HSDPA is based on the following features

• Higher-order modulation
• Shared channel transmission
• Short transmission time interval (TTI)
• Fast link adaptation
• Fast scheduling
• Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)
• Dynamic Power Allocation
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (Cont’d)
HSDPA features
1- Short TTI (2 MS)
•One reason for a shorter TTI is to reduce the air-interface delay by reducing the RTT
•This will improve the end-user performance since shorter TTI improves the interaction with
TCP/IP.
Old releases
80 ms
40 ms
20 ms
10 ms
2 ms HSDPA

2- Shared Channel Transmission

•Certain amount of radio resources of a cell (code space and power) is seen as a common are
dynamically shared between users in the time domain.

•The main benefit with DL shared channel transmission is to reduce the risk for code-limited
capacity and power limited capacity
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
Shared channel transmission(Cont’d)
SF
1

4 Channelization codes allocated

for HS-DSCH transmission
8 8 codes (example)

16

32

Shared
channelization
codes

TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms

time
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
3- Higher-Order Modulation
•R99 is based on QPSK modulation
•To support higher data rates, higher-order data modulation, such as 16QAM

•Higher-order modulation is more bandwidth efficient, i.e. can carry more bits per Hertz.
•Higher-order modulation is also less robust and typically requires higher energy per bit for a
given a given error rate
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
4-Fast Link Adaptation

•Radio-channel conditions will typically vary significantly, both in time and between different
positions

•Reasons for these variations in channel conditions:

 Different positions within the cell, due to distance dependent path loss and location-
dependent shadowing

 Variations in the interference level.

The interference level will depend on:
 The position within the cell, with typically higher interference level close to the
cell border.
 The instantaneous transmission activity of neighbor cells.
 Own-cell interference. In case of a time dispersed channel, downlink
orthogonality will be lost.

 Multi-path fading, The rate of these variations depends on the speed of the mobile
terminal.
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
Multi-path propagation

2
0 3

1

Time dispersion
h()

0 1 2 3 
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
Combined Signal
Direct Signal

Reflected Signal

Combined Signal
HSDPA features (Cont’d)

Fast (Rayleigh) Fading due to Multipath relctions

Composit
e
Received msec
Signal
Strength

Deep fade caused by destructive summation

of two or more multipath reflections

Deep fade caused by destructive summation

of two or more multipath reflections time (mSec)
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
Fast link adaptation(Cont’d)
Fast adjustment of the data rate every TTI (2 ms).

Eb C RC
 
No I Rb
HSDPA features (Cont’d)

5- Fast Channel Dependent Scheduling

Scheduled User

User 1

User 2

TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms TTI=2ms

HSDPA features (Cont’d)
Scheduling algorithms

 Max C/I Ratio

o Assign the channel to the user with the best channel quality
o High system throughput but not fair(if user is on cell border)
 Round Robin (RR)
o Cyclically assign the channel to users without taking channel conditions into account
o Simple but poor performance
 Proportional Fair (PF)
o Schedules all users in the cell but prioritize users with better channel quality
o But ensure that all users receive a guaranteed minimum throughput. It gives rather
o High throughput, fair
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
6- Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)

P1 P2 P3

ACK
K
NAC

P2

P1 P3
HSDPA features (Cont’d)
7-Dynamic Power Allocation

Power
Max cell power

HSDPA power

DCH Power
CCH power

time
•HSDPA will take the power left after CCHs and DCHs have taken their parts

•Average power utilization will increase in the network with HSDPA

HSDPA Mobility
HSDPA introduction
•3GPP Release 5 extends the WCDMA specification with a new downlink transport channel for packet data,
the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
•The HS-DSCH utilizes the remaining transmission power which is not used for the dedicated and common
channels.
•With shared channel transmission, a certain amount of the channelization codes and transmission power in
a cell are considered a common resource that is dynamically shared among the users.

Power

Max Cell Power

HSDPA power

DCH Power

CCH power
time
HSDPA Mobility (Cont’d)

HS-DSCH - High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel

Mapped on one or several (HS-PDSCHs) which are simultaneously received by the UE.
In the 3GPP standard, there are up to 15 HS-PDSCHs per cell with the spreading factor fixed 16. The number
of HS-PDSCHs per cell is configurable and depending on the license, each cell has up to 5, 10, or 15 HS-
PDSCHs.

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Carries control information to the scheduled UE.
The control information required for each 2-ms TTI
 UE ID
 Codes
 Modulation
 Coding%

High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)

•The UE uses this channel to :
o Request retransmission of the incorrectly received blocks on the HS-DSCH (ACK/NACK)
o Report CQI is used by the scheduling and link adaptation functions
HSDPA Mobility (Cont’d)
Transport Channel Physical Channel

HS-DPCCH
RBS
CQI Request

HS-SCCH
Control Information
HS-DSCH UE ID, codes, Modulation ,Coding%
User
User data
data
HS-DPCCH
ACK/NACK
HS-PDSCH

A-DCH
User data

User data +
Over head bits

UL Sig
n aling
A-DCH
(R99) DL Sig
n
UL use aling
r data
HSDPA Mobility (Cont’d)
•The dedicated uplink and downlink channels use soft handover.
•HS-DSCH do not use soft handover as it is shared transport channel.
•Mobility for the HS-DSCH is called HS-DSCH cell change
•HS-SCCH carries control signaling for the HS-DSCH, and is never in soft handover.
•HS-DPCCH only capable of softer handovers since it is terminated in the RBS

IUR
RNC RNC

IUB IUB
HS
-SC
CH
HS
-DS
CH
HS
-DP Cell Change
CC
H
H
A-D DC
CH Softer HO A-

RBS Soft /Softer HO

RBS
CQI
HSDPA Mobility (Cont’d)
•CQI report
o UE sends a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) on the uplink (HS-DPCCH)
o CQI
 Estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to the UE using a certain assumed HS-
PDSCH power with a block error rate of 10%
 UE receiver performance
Good UE receiver can report that it can receive more bits than a Bad UE receiver
implementation for the same channel conditions.

PCPICH_RX Received power of the P-CPICH

Measurement Power Offset MPO
Г
Cell level parameter hsMeasurementPowerOffset
Reference power adjustment
∆ Given by Table 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E, 7F or 7G depending on
the UE category.
HSDPA Mobility (Cont’d)
Physical layer procedures (FDD), 3GPP TS 25.214
•CQI algorithm indicates CAT6
• Transport block size CQI Transport Block Number Modulation Reference Power
• Number of HS-PDSCH codes Value Size of HS- Adjustment
PDSCH
• Modulation Type 1 137 1 QPSK 0
• HS-PDSCH Power 2 173 1 QPSK 0
3 233 1 QPSK 0
4 317 1 QPSK 0
•HSDPA Scheduler algorithm indicates 5 377 1 QPSK 0
6 461 1 QPSK 0
• Which UE to transmit to in the TTI, 7 650 2 QPSK 0
• Available HS-PDSCH transmission power, 8 792 2 QPSK 0
Available number of HS-PDSCH codes. 9 931 2 QPSK 0
10 1262 3 QPSK 0
• It does not indicate how much data to 11 1483 3 QPSK 0
transmit. 12 1742 3 QPSK 0
13 2279 4 QPSK 0
14 2583 4 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
17 4189 5 16-QAM 0
18 4664 5 16-QAM 0
19 5287 5 16-QAM 0
20 5887 5 16-QAM 0
21 6554 5 16-QAM 0
22 7168 5 16-QAM 0
23 7168 5 16-QAM -1
24 7168 5 16-QAM -2
25 7168 5 16-QAM -3
26 7168 5 16-QAM -4
27 7168 5 16-QAM -5
28 7168 5 16-QAM -6
29 7168 5 16-QAM -7
30 7168 5 16-QAM -8
Why CQI !
Why CQI
Back to Developing Basics
Back to Developing Basics

PN 1 PN 2 PN 3
OC5, OC6, OC7

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC1, OC2

•PN codes (distinguish each Base Station)

 Not orthogonal
 High cross correlation properties
 PN1 * PN2 ≠ 0 (mini. output)

•Channelization Codes (distinguish data channels Coming from each Base

Station)
 Orthogonal Codes
 OC1 * OC2 = 0
Back to Developing Basics (Cont’d)

PN 1 Ec/No=-11 dB PN 2
Ec/No=-11 dB
CQI=27 CQI=20
PN 1
PN 3

PN 4
Back to Developing Basics (Cont’d)

•Ec/No for most of us is quality measurement metric.

•It gives us how good or bad the link quality is.
•However by definition it is confusing
•RSCP
 Received signal code power
 Received power level of pilot channel of a one cell (dBm/mW)
 Using RSCP we can compare different cells
 Using RSCP handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
•RSSI
 Signal power over the complete 5MHZ carrier which include all components received
 Signal from the current cell and neighboring cells on the same frequency
 Theoretically in an isolated cell having only CPICH power with no other channels
 RSSI ≈ CPICH power
 RSSI will change if the carrier use the DCH or the common channels
Back to Developing Basics (Cont’d)
•CPICH Ec/No
 Pilot channel quality ,energy per chip over total received power spectral density
 Ec/No= RSCP/RSSI
 The Better this value the better the signal can be distinguished from the over all nosie
 Always negative
 Using Ec/No we can compare different cells
 Using Ec/No handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
•No
 Noise power spectral density
 Interfering power
 Non interfering power
 Thermal noise
•Test bed being served by single cell
 Ec/No of UE is
o Measure of PCPICH =RSCP
o Measure of total wide band power =RSSI
Back to Developing Basics (Cont’d)
•Assume that UE is in Test bed being served by single cell`
 Cell MAXTXPOWER 20 watt (43 dBm)
 Assuming that 10 % of the cell power is dedicated for CPICH 2 watt (33 dBm)
 If you have no DCH or HS channels
 Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted power)
 Ec/No=10 log (2w/2w)= 10 log 1 = 0

Power

2 watt CPICH Power

20 watt
Non consumed power
HSDPA Power
•Assume that you start HS session
 Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted power)
 Ec/No=10 log (2w/20w)= -10 dB (Poor value)
 Ec/No will always give a false value for an HSDPA user
Why CQI
Why CQI
CQI Adjustment
1 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Transport block Size increase

Number of codes increase

Higher order Modulation technique

More probability of Scheduling

•Deviating CQI reports lead to faulty decisions

•CQI accuracy will continue to vary depend on :
 UE model
 UE vendor

Deviating CQI
o UE that consistently overestimates the channel quality
 Scheduled too often, at the price of other users.
 Experience a block error rate that is higher than the target 10%, with more retransmissions and
reduced system throughput and increased service delay
o UE instead underestimates the channel quality
 Scheduled too seldom.
 Experience a Block error rate will be lower than 10%, which will lead to lower transmitted data
rates than possible and hence reduced system throughput.
Why CQI

•To avoid the negative system impact due to inaccurate CQI reports,
CQI adjustment algorithm
 RBS works on the ACKs and NACKs received from the UE to determine if the UE is overestimating or
underestimating the channel quality.
 The algorithm make every effort to achieve a block error rate of 10%

BLER =10%
Increase CQI Decrease CQI
BLER

 The output from the adjustment algorithm is CQIadjusted,

 The CQI adjustment algorithm is an optional feature and can be enabled on cell level through
parameter cqiAdjustmentOn.
Thanks