ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: BEAMS
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Beams reinforced for tension only
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Beams reinforced in tension and compression
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Modes of Design:
1. Balanced Design
Concrete and steel yields simultaneously
2. Under-Reinforced
DesignSteel yields first than concrete
3. Over- Reinforced
DesignConcrete yields first than steel
BALANCED UNDER-REINFORCED OVER-REINFORCED
𝜀 𝑐 =0.003 𝜀 𝑐 =0.003 𝜀 𝑐 =0.003
𝑐𝑏 𝑐
𝑁𝐴 𝑐
NA
d 𝑁𝐴
𝑑−𝑐 𝑏
𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦 𝜀𝑡 =𝜀 𝑦
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀 𝑦
𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀 𝑦
𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀 𝑦
𝑓 𝑠= 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑠> 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑠< 𝑓 𝑦
d= effective depth
Actual stress block Equivalent stress block
0.85 𝑓𝑐
𝑐 𝐶 𝑎 𝐶
NA
𝑇 𝑇
Actual stress block Equivalent stress block
0.85 𝑓𝑐
𝑐 𝐶 𝑎 𝐶
NA
𝑇 𝑇
Beam is SRB if:
𝝆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 < 𝝆 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇 𝒄 𝜷 𝟑 𝟏.𝟒 𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 √ 𝒇
𝝆 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( ) 𝝆 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝆 = 𝒄
𝒇𝒚 𝟕 𝒇 𝒚𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒇 𝒚
(greater governs)
STEPS DURING INVESTIGATION
𝐶 =𝑇
1.
Actual stress block Equivalent stress block 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
0.85 𝑓𝑐 𝑎 =¿ ¿
𝑐 𝐶 𝑎 𝐶
2 𝑎
𝑐.
NA
=
𝛽
d
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓 𝑠=600 ( )
𝑐
𝑇 𝑇 (steel yields)
𝑎
if 3.𝑀 𝑁 = 𝐶 (𝑑 − 2 )
𝜷=𝟎 . 𝟖𝟓 𝑎
𝑀 𝑁= 𝑇 ( 𝑑 − )
if 2
- 𝑀 𝑈 =∅ 𝑀 𝑁
Strength Reduction Factor
STEPS DURING DESIGN
3𝑀.
𝑈 =∅ 𝑀 𝑁
Actual stress block Equivalent stress block 𝑀𝑈 𝑎
= 𝐶 (𝑑 − )
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ∅ 2
𝑀𝑈 𝑎
𝑐 𝐶 𝑎 𝐶 =0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
∅ 2
NA
𝑎 =¿ ¿
d
2 . 𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
𝑇 𝑇 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓 𝑠=600 ( )
𝑐
if
𝜷=𝟎 . 𝟖𝟓 1 .𝐶 =𝑇
if 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
-
𝐴𝑠 =¿ ¿ 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑏
Sample Problem:
A singly reinforced beam section is b=300mm, h=450 mm. Effective depth
is 380mm. Compressive strength of concrete f’c= 30 Mpa, steel strength
fy=415 MPa. The beam is simply supported on a span of 5m and carries the
following loads:
Superimposed: Dead Load = 16 kN/m
Live Load = 14 kN/m
U= 1.2D +1.6L
1. What is the maximum moment at ultimate condition?
2. Find the number of 16mm dia. Bars required if the design moment at
ultimate laod is 200 kNm.
Sample Problem:
Given:
b=300mm Simply Supp., L= 5m
h=450 mm Superimposed Loads:
Effective depth, d= 380mm. Dead Load = 16 kN/m
f’c= 30 Mpa Live Load = 14 kN/m
fy=415 Mpa U= 1.2D +1.6L
SOLUTION:
.2 ( 16+ 3.24 ) +1.6 ( 14 ) =45.488 𝑘𝑁 / 𝑚
Wu (kN/m)
2
𝑊 𝑢 𝑙 45.488(5 2)
1. 𝑀𝑢 = = =𝟏𝟒𝟐 .𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
L=5m 8 8
2. If Mu=200 kNm; No. of Ø16mm bars=?
𝑀𝑈 𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
= 𝐶 (𝑑 − ) 𝑓 𝑠=600 ( )
∅ 2 𝑐
200 ¿ ¿ 𝑓 𝑠=600 ( 380 −103.177
103.177 )
200 ¿ ¿ 𝑓 𝑠=1609.79 𝑀𝑃𝑎>1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶 =𝑇
𝑎 = 86.227 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
𝑎 0.85 (30)( 86.227)(300)= 𝐴𝑠( 415)
𝑐=
𝛽
𝐴𝑠=1589.42𝑚𝑚
-
1589.42
𝐴𝑠
𝑛=
𝑛= 𝜋
86.227 𝐴𝑏 ¿¿
𝑐= =103.177 mm 4
0.836
𝒏=𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔