CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
Functions of Organelles
Organelles – “Little Organ of the Cell” have
specific functions.
Specialized structures found
within the cell which performs
specific functions vital cellular
life.
CELL MEMBRANE
Structure: A thin, double layer
of protein and fat.
Function: Separates the inner
contents of the cell with its
environment; Regulates the
passage of materials in and out
of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
- It is the semi-permeable membrane that is
present within the cell wall. It is composed
of a thin layer of protein and fat.
-The cell membrane plays an important role in
regulating the entry and exit of specific
substances within the cell.
-For instance, cell membrane keeps toxins from
entering inside, while nutrients and essential
minerals are transported across.
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL STRUCTURE
- Is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell.
- The plant cell wall is also
involved in protecting the cell
against mechanical stress and
providing form and structure
to the cell.
CELL WALL STRUCTURE
- Is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell.
- The plant cell wall is also
involved in protecting the cell
against mechanical stress and
providing form and structure
to the cell.
NUCLEUS
Structure: a membrane-bound
spherical body discovered by
Robert Brown in 1831
Function: stores the cell’s DNA;
controls activities; controls the
synthesis of ribosomes and
proteins
NUCLEOLUS
Function: a spherical
body found inside the
nucleus
Structure: produces
and assembles
ribosomes
RIBOSOME
Structure: a large
complex of protein
and RNA
Function: site of
protein synthesis
MITOCHONDRIA
Structure: a double-
membraned, rod-shaped
organelle; has its own DNA
Function: produces the
chemical energy needed to
power the cell in the form of
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Structure: A series of
interconnected membranous
sacs and tubules
Two types:
Rough ER
Smooth ER
1. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure: with ribosomes
attached to its surface
Function: modifies proteins
synthesized by ribosomes;
makes phospholipids for
cellular membrane
2. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure: no attached
ribosomes
Function: production of
carbohydrates, lipids and
steroids; detoxification of
drugs and toxins; storage of
calcium ions
GOLGI BODY
“Golgi complex”, “Golgi
Apparatus”
Structure: a series of flattened,
sac-like membranes that resembles
a stack of pancakes
Function: sort, tag, package and
distribute lipids and proteins
LYSOSOME
Structure: spherical bodies
containing digestive enzymes
Function: digests cellular
nutrients; breaks down worn-out
or damaged organelles; aids in
apoptosis (programmed cell
death)
Chloroplast
Structure: a long
disc-shaped organelle
containing the
pigment chlorophyll
Function: site of
photosynthesis
Vacuole
Structure: a large space within
the cell that is enclosed in a
membrane and filled with fluid
Function: maintain water based;
maintains cell shape; store
nutrients and waste products
Cytoskeleton
Structure: a network of protein
filaments of fibers;
microfilaments, microtubules
and intermediate filaments
Function: provides shape and
structure movement; involved
spindle formation during cell
division
