Basic Electronics
Dr.Hemanth C
Associate Professor
SENSE
Module:4 Amplifiers and Oscillators 4
hours
BJT as an amplifier (CE configuration),
MOSFET as an amplifier (CS
configuration), Feedback concept,
Oscillators - Barkhaunsen's criteria for
sustained oscillation, RC Phase Shift
Oscillator, LC Oscillator.
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Investigate the process by which a transistor circuit can
amplify a small, time varying input signal, and develop the
small-signal models of the transistor that are used in the
analysis of linear amplifiers.
Analyze the common-emitter amplifier and become
familiar with the general characteristics of this circuit.
Understand the concept of the ac load line and determine
the maximum symmetrical swing of the output signal.
Analyze the emitter-follower amplifier and become familiar
with the general characteristics of this circuit.
Compare the general characteristics of the three basic
amplifier configurations
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We will be considering signals, analog circuits, and
amplifiers
A signal contains some type of information. For example,
sound waves produced by a speaking human contain the
information the person is conveying to another person
A sound wave is an analog signal. The magnitude of an
analog signal can take on any value, within limits, and
may vary continuously with time
Electronic circuits that process analog signals are called
analog circuits. One example of an analog circuit is a linear
amplifier
A linear amplifier magnifies an input signal and produces
an output signal whose magnitude is larger and directly
proportional to the input signal.
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Time-varying signals from a particular source
very often need to be amplified before the signal
is capable of being “useful.”
source that may be the output of a microphone.
The output of the microphone will need to be
amplified in order to drive the speakers at the
output
The amplifier is the circuit that performs this
function. A dc voltage source is also an input to
the amplifier
The amplifier contains transistors that must be
biased so that the transistors can act as
amplifying devices 5
• we analyze and design linear amplifiers that use bipolar transistors
as the amplifying device.
• The term small-signal means that we can linearize the ac
equivalent circuit. We will define what is meant by small signal in
the case of BJT circuits.
• The term linear amplifier means that we can use superposition so
that the dc
• analysis and ac analysis of the circuits can be performed separately
and the total response is the sum of the two individual responses.
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Figure suggests that there are two types of
analyses of the amplifier that we must consider
The first is a dc analysis because of the applied
dc voltage source, and the second is a time-
varying or ac analysis because of the time-
varying signal source
A linear amplifier means that the superposition
principle applies. The principle of superposition
states: The response of a linear circuit excited by
multiple independent input signals is the sum of
the responses of the circuit to each of the input
signals alone.
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Analysis
For the linear amplifier, then, the dc
analysis can be performed with the ac
source set to zero. This analysis, called
a large signal analysis, establishes the
Q-point of the transistors in the
amplifier.
The ac analysis, called a small-signal
analysis, can be performed with the dc
source set to zero. The total response
of the amplifier circuit is the sum of the
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Bi-Polar Linear Amplifier
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MOSFET Amplifiers
NMOS –
Enhancement mode
Common Source
configuration
Input: a time-
varying (sinusoidal)
voltage source in
series with the dc
source
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For the output voltage to be a
linear function of the input
voltage, the transistor must be
biased in the saturation region
The total gate-to-source voltage
is the sum of VGSQ and vi
As vi increases, the
instantaneous value of vGS
increases, and the bias point
moves up the load line
A larger value of vGS means a
larger drain current and a
smaller value of vDS
For a negative vi (the negative
portion of the sine wave), the
instantaneous value of vGS
decreases below the quiescent
value, and the bias point moves
down the load line
A smaller vGS value means
15 a
When symmetrical sinusoidal signals
are applied to the input of an
amplifier, symmetrical sinusoidal
signals are generated at the output,
as long as the amplifier operation
remains linear
We can use the load line to
determine the maximum output
symmetrical swing
If the output exceeds this limit, a
portion of the output signal will be
clipped and signal distortion will
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the instantaneous gate-to-source
voltage is
where VGSQ is the dc component and
vgs is the ac component
The instantaneous drain current is
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The first term in Equation is the dc or
quiescent drain current IDQ,
The second term is the time-varying drain
current component that is linearly related
to the signal vgs
The third term is proportional to the
square of the signal voltage
For a sinusoidal input signal, the squared
term produces undesirable harmonics, or
nonlinear distortion, in the output voltage
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Neglecting the v2gs term, assuming linearity, the total current
can be separated into
› dc component
› ac component
The ac component of the drain current is given by
The small-signal drain current is related to the small-signal
gate-to-source voltage by the transconductance gm
The transconductance is a transfer coefficient relating output
current to input voltage and can be thought of as representing
the gain of the transistor.
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