Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation

Slides 1.1 – 1.39

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

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 The Human Body – An Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function – the study of
(ology) nature (physio)
• Both are always related – structure
determines function.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2
 Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
• Anatomy means to cut
(tomy) apart (ana).

Figure 1.1

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 Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic
Anatomy
• Very small

structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope

Figure 14.4
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 Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1
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 Organ System Overview
1.Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering -
waterproof
• Cushions and protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Excretes salts and urea in sweat
• Helps regulate temperature -
homeostasis
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors Figure 1.2a
Slide 1.6
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 Organ System Overview

2.Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
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 Organ System Overview

3.Muscular
• Only 1 function – to
contract or shorten
• Allows
locomotion
• Maintains
posture
• Produces heat
• Three main types –
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Figure 1.2c
Slide 1.8

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

 Organ System Overview

4.Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Figure 1.2d
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 Organ System Overview
5.Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones into the
blood that target
distant organs
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism – food
use by cells
Figure 1.2e
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 Organ System Overview
6.Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in
body via blood pumped by
heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Hormones
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
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 Organ System Overview

7.Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Houses cells involved
in immunity

Figure 1.2g
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 Organ System Overview

8.Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied
with oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide

Figure 1.2h
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 Organ System Overview

9.Digestive
• Breaks down food beginning in
the mouth and ending in the
small intestine
• Allows for nutrient absorption
into blood to be sent to the
body
• Eliminates indigestible
material
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Figure 1.2i
Slide 1.14
 Organ System Overview

10.Urinary
• Eliminates harmful
nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of
materials
• Water
• Electrolytes - salts
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Figure 1.2j
Slide 1.15
 Organ System Overview

11.Reproductive
• Production
of offspring

Figure 1.2k

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Necessary Life Functions

•Organ systems do not work in

isolation but work together to promote
the well-being of the entire body

Slide 1.17
 Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Inside remains distinct from outside – skin
and cell membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances within the body
• Responsiveness - irritability
• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and
react
Slide 1.18
 Necessary Life Functions
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body
• Breakdown of macromolecules
• Production of energy - ATP
• Making body structures

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 Necessary Life Functions

• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from digestion and
metabolic reactions from the body
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation – cellular or
organismal level
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
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 Survival Needs
• All must be in appropriate amounts –
too little or too much is harmful
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
(fats), vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions such as
making ATP
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 Survival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Most reactions take place only in an aqueous
solution
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
• Breathing and gas exchange depends on

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 Homeostasis
• The word homeostasis (ho″meo-sta′sis)
describes the body’s ability to maintain
relatively stable internal conditions
even though the outside world is
continuously changing.
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
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 Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural
(nervous) and hormonal (endocrine)
control systems
• Receptor
• Type of sensor that responds to changes in
the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information (input) to control center
• Information flows along the afferent
pathway to the control center
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 Maintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point level
• Analyzes information received
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response (output) to the
stimulus
• Information flows along the efferent pathway
from the control center
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 Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat

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Negative feedback mechanisms regulate
• heart rate,
• blood pressure,
• breathing rate,
• the release of hormones,
• and blood levels of glucose (blood
sugar), oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
minerals.
 Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• Typically these mechanisms control
infrequent events
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and birth of a baby

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 The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
• Anatomical Position
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 Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

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 Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

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 Body Landmarks

• Anterior –
• Ventral
• Front

Figure 1.5a

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 Body Landmarks

• Posterior –
• Dorsal
• Back

Figure 1.5b
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• Body Planes and Sections
• Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ
• Three types of planes
• Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal
• Midsagittal, median section – If cut made down
meridian plane
• Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane that
divides into anterior and posterior – coronal
section
• Transverse section – cut made along horizontal plane
that divides into superior and inferior – cross section
Slide 1.33
 Body Planes

Figure 1.6
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 Body Cavities

• Two subdivisions of
dorsal body cavity
• Cranial
• Spinal

Figure 1.7

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 Body Cavities
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Superior thoracic cavity
separated by the inferior
abdominopelvic cavity
by the diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity
sometimes divided into
superior abdominal
cavity and inferior pelvic
cavity

Figure 1.7

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 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

•The abdominopelvic
cavity can be
divided into four ~
equal quadrants
named according to
their relative
positions

Figure 1.8a

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

•The abdominopelvic
cavity can also be
divided into nine
separate regions by
four planes

Figure 1.8b

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 Abdominopelvic Major Organs

•Anterior view of
the ventral body
cavity showing
superficial
organs

Figure 1.8c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.39
Using the terms listed below, fill in
the blank with the proper term.
anterior superior medial proximal superficial
posterior inferior lateral
1. The heart is located _________ to the diaphragm.
2. The muscles are _________ to the bone.
3. The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.
4. In anatomical position, the thumb is _________ to the
index finger.
5. The vertebral region is _________ to the scapular
region.
6. The gluteal region is located on the _________ surface
of the body.
 Answers
1. superior
2. superficial
3. proximal
4. lateral
5. medial
6. posterior