Theory of Machine

MEC219
 Coriolis component of accel.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt_XJp77
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1Ffsyaz
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Coriolis component of accel.
 Unit 3
Learning Objectives

• Classification of Cams and follower

• Cam with uniform acceleration and
retardation
• Simple Harmonic Motion CAM
• Oscillating followers
CAM
 Cam and Follower
• A cam is a mechanical member used to impart desired
motion to a follower by direct contact.
• The cam may be rotating or translating(reciprocating)
• The follower may be rotating, reciprocating or oscilating
Cams

Follower

Cam

Followers
(valves)
 Examples for cam

• In IC engines to operate the inlet and exhaust valves

 Types of Cams

Cams are classified according to

1 Shape,
2 Follower movement and
3 Manner of constrain of the follower
 According to Shape
Wedge and flat cams: A wedge cam has a wedge
W which, in general has translational motion some
time can be oscillating also.

Cam Follower
Linear cam

Distance
moved by the
follower
 According to Shape
Wedge and flat cams: Instead of using a wedge,
a flat plat with grove can also be used
 According to Shape
Radial or disc cams: A cam in which the follower
moves radially form the center of rotation of
the cam is known as a radial or a disc cam.
 According to Shape
Spiral cam:
• A spiral cam is a face cam in which a
groove is cut in the form of spiral
• The spiral groove consists of teeth
which mesh with a pin gear.
• The velocity of follower is
proportional to the radial distance
of the groove form the axis of the
cam.
• The use of such cam is limited as
the cam has to reverse the direction
to reset the position of the follower.
 According to Shape
Cylindrical cams
• In cylindrical cams, which has a circumferential
contour cut in the surface, rotate about its axis.
• The follower reciprocates or oscillates in a
direction parallel to the cams axis.
 According to Shape
Cylindrical cams : End cams
• It is also similar to
cylindrical cams, but
the follower makes
contact at periphery
of the cams.
• Cylindrical cams are
also known as barrel
or drum cams
Barrel Cam(cylindrical)
According to Shape
 According to Shape
Globoidal Cam
Spherical Cam
Cam and follower has ____pair

• A)Lower
• B) Higher
According to Follower movement
According to Follower movement
According to Follower movement
According to Follower movement
According to Follower movement
 According to manner of
constraint of the Follower
 According to manner of
constraint of the Follower
 Types Follower
Classification of followers
According to the shape of follower
• Knife edge follower
• Roller follower
• Flat faced follower
• Spherical faced follower
 Types Follower

a) Knife edge follower

 Types Follower
b) Roller follower

rate of wear is greatly reduced.

Used in stationary gas and oil engines and aircraft engines

side thrust exists between the follower and the guide

 Types Follower
c) Flat faced follower

side thrust between the follower and the guide is much reduced
Used in valves of automobile engines
 Types Follower

d) Spherical faced follower

 Types Follower
According to the path of motion of
follower

a) Radial follower
b) Offset follower
 Types Follower
a) Radial follower

• When the motion of the follower is along an axis

passing through the centre of the cam, it is known as
radial followers. Above figures are examples of this
type.
 Types Follower
b) Offset follower

• When the motion of the follower is along an axis

away from the axis of the cam centre, it is called off-
set follower. Above figures are examples of this type.
 quiz
• Follower shown in the diagram is ____
• A) flat and radial follower
• B) knife edge and offset follower
• C) Flat and offset follower
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XoOCJ-K
CEQ
 CAM Nomenclature
• Cam profile: The outer
surface of the disc cam.
• Base circle : The circle with
the shortest radius from the
cam center to any part of
the cam profile.
• Trace point: It is a point on
the follower, and its motion
describes the movement of
the follower. It is used to
generate the pitch curve.
 CAM Nomenclature

• Pitch curve : The path

generated by the trace
point as the follower is
rotated about a
stationery cam.
 Prime circle: The
smallest circle from the
cam center through the
pitch curve
 CAM Nomenclature
• Pressure angle: The
angle between the
direction of the
follower movement
and the normal to the
pitch curve.
• Pitch point: Pitch
point corresponds to
the point of maximum
pressure angle.
 CAM Nomenclature

• Pitch circle: A circle

drawn from the cam
center and passes
through the pitch point
is called Pitch circle
• Stroke: The greatest
distance or angle
through which the
follower moves or
rotates
 CAM Nomenclature

Pitch
Curve

Pitch
Circle
 quiz
• Smallest circle in cam terminology is
called____
• A) prime circle
• B) base circle
• C) pitch circle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qsn2xEu6
114
 Types of follower motion

1. Uniform motion ( constant velocity)

2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation motion
4. Cycloidal motion
 Uniform motion (constant velocity)
• Displacement diagram: Displacement is the
distance that a follower moves during one
complete revolution (or cycle) of the cam
while the follower is in contact with the cam.
A displacement diagram is a graph of flat-
pattern drawing of the travel (displacement)
of the follower on the cam.
• It is the plot of linear displacement (s) of
follower V/S angular displacement (θ) of the
cam for one full rotation of the cam.
 Uniform motion (constant velocity)
• A period is a part of the cam cycle and it includes the
following:

Rise (Outstroke) – the upward motion of the follower

caused by cam motion.
Fall (Return stroke) – the downward motion of the
follower caused by cam motion.
Dwell – the stationary position of the follower caused
by cam motion.
Displacement Vs Velocity Vs acceleration
 Uniform motion (constant velocity)
Constant Velocity of the follower implies that the displacement
of the follower is proportional to the cam displacement and the
slope of the displacement curve is constant
Displacement

𝜑
 Uniform motion (constant velocity)
Displacement of the follower
for the angular displacement
ϴ of the cam is given by

𝜃 𝜔𝑡
𝑠=h =h
𝜑 𝜑
𝑑𝑠 𝜔 h
𝑣= = =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜑
0

Infinite acceleration
and jerk
 Simple Harmonic motion
SHM is motion executed by point Pl, which is
the projection of point P on the vertical
diameter
y

p' p

y r
a
x
 Simple Harmonic motion
Let s= follower displacement(instantaneous)
h = maximum follower displacement
v = velocity of the follower
f = acceleration of the follower
rotation
 Simple Harmonic motion
• Sine function has continuous derivatives
• Displacement
h
[
𝑠= 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝜋𝜃
𝜑
h
𝑠= 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝜑 ]
𝜋𝜔 𝑡
[
( 𝜃 =𝜔 𝑡 ) ]
Velocity

𝑣=
𝑑𝑠 h 𝜋𝜔
=
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜑
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜑[
𝜋𝜃
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥=
h 𝜋𝜔
2 𝜑 ]
𝑎𝑡 𝜃=
𝜑
2
acceleration

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑑𝑣 h 𝜋𝜔 𝜋𝜔 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥=
𝑡 h 𝜋𝜔
𝑓= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝜃=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜑 𝜑 2 𝜑
 Simple harmonic motion
• Since the follower
moves with a
simple harmonic
motion, therefore
velocity diagram
consists of a sine
curve and the
acceleration
diagram consists of
a cosine curve.
Simple Harmonic motion

 Acceleration is discontinuous
 Jerk is infinite (bad cam design)
 Suitable for low or moderate
cam speeds
 Uniform acceleration and retardation

• In such a follower programme, there is acceleration

in the first half of the follower motion whereas it is
deceleration during later half
• The displacement curve is found to be parabolic in
this case.
• The magnitude of the acceleration and deceleration
is the same and constant in two halves
 Uniform acceleration and retardation

• Since the
acceleration
and
retardation
are uniform,
therefore the
velocity varies
directly with
time.
Vo = 0
Cycloidal motion
 CAM Profile

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