CE 40763
Digital Signal Processing
Fall 1992
Introduction to DSP
Hossein Sameti
Department of Computer Engineering
Sharif University of Technology
What is Digital Signal Processing (DSP)?
Consists of three words:
Digital , Signal and Processing
Signal: any (physical or non-physical)
quantity that varies with time, space, or other
independent variable(s)
Digital: a discrete-time and discrete-valued
signal, i.e. digitization involves both sampling
and quantization
Processing: operations on the signal
Hossein Sameti, CE, SUT, Fall 1992 2
Signal Types
Signals
Continuous-time Discrete-time
Continuous-value Continuous-value Discrete-value
Analog Discrete Digital
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Examples of Signals
Signals are everywhere and may reflect countless
measurements of some physical quantity such as:
◦ electric voltages
◦ brain signals
◦ heart rates
◦ temperatures
◦ image luminance
◦ investment prices
◦ vehicle speeds
◦ seismic activity
◦ human speech
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Signal Acquisition
Various apparatus could be used to acquire signals,
including:
◦ Digital camera Image
◦ MRI scanner Activity of the brain
◦ EEG/EMG/EOG electrodes Physiological signals
◦ Voice recorder Audio signal
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Signal Dimensions
1D (e.g. dependent on time)
2D (e.g. images dependent
on two coordinates in a plane)
3D (e.g. describing an object in space)
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Multi-Channel Signals
In some applications, signals are generated by multiple
sources or multiple sensors represented by a vector
Such a vector is called a multi-channel signal.
Example: brain signals 50
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Continuous-time vs. Discrete-time
Continuous-time signals are signals defined at each
value of independent variable(s).
They have values in a continuous interval (a,b) that
could extend from -∞ to ∞.
Discrete-time signals are defined only at specific
values of independent variable(s).
Discrete-time signals are represented mathematically
by a sequence of real or complex numbers.
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Continuous-time vs. Discrete-time
CT DT
Continuous function V of Discrete function Vk of discrete
continuous variable t (time, sampling variable tk, with k =
space etc) : V(t). integer: Vk = V(tk).
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
Voltage [V]
Voltage [V]
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1 ts
-0.2 -0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
time [ms] sampling time, tk [ms]
Periodic sampling
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Continuous-valued vs. Discrete-valued
Both continuous and discrete-time signals can take a finite
(discrete) or infinite (continuous) range.
For a signal to be called digital, it must be discrete-time and
discrete-range, i.e. digitization involves both sampling and
quantization.
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Deterministic vs. Random Signals
Signals could be deterministic, with an explicit
mathematical description, a table or a well-defined rule.
All past, present, and future signal values are precisely
known with no uncertainty:
s1(t) =at S2(x,y)=ax+bxy+cy2
In contrast, for random signals the functional relationship is
unknown.
statistical analysis techniques
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Signal Processing System
A system that performs some kind of task on a signal
which depends on the application, e.g.
◦ Communications: modulation/demodulation, multiplexing/de-
multiplexing, data compression
◦ Speech Recognition: speech to text transformation
◦ Security: signal encryption/decryption
◦ Filtering: signal denoising/noise reduction
◦ Enhancement: audio signal processing, equalization
◦ Data manipulation: watermarking, reconstruction, feature
extraction
◦ Signal generation: music synthesis
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Digital vs. Analog Processing
Digital Signal Processing
Advantages Limitations
• More flexible • A/D & signal processors’ speed
• Data easily stored • Finite word-length effect:
• Better control over accuracy (round-off: Error caused by
requirements rounding math calculation result to
nearest quantization level )
• Reproducibility
• Cheaper
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Signal Processing
Theoretical vs. Applied
Applicable to any field Easier to comprehend
Algorithm development vs. implementation
e.g., C++-code, e.g., ASIC, DSP chip
Matlab code
Easier to adapt Much faster
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Example Application: Audio Processing
Applications include speech generation / speech recognition
Speech recognition: DSP generally approaches the problem of
voice recognition in two steps: feature extraction followed by
feature matching.
Source: Canon
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Example Application: Echo Location
A common method of obtaining information about a
remote object is to bounce a wave off of it.
Applications include radar and sonar.
DSP can be used for filtering and compressing the data.
Source:
WHIO
Source:
CCTT.org
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Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition is a research area that is closely
related to digital signal processing.
Definition: “the act of taking in raw data and taking an
action based on the category of the data”.
Pattern recognition
classifies data based on
either a priori knowledge
or on statistical information
extracted from the patterns.
Source:
merl.com
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Application: Biometrics
The “Biometrics” field
focuses on methods for
uniquely identifying
humans using one or more
of their intrinsic physical
or behavioural traits.
Examples include using
face, voice, fingerprints,
iris, handwriting or the
method of walking.
Source: BBC
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Application: A Typical Biomedical Signal
Analysis System
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Biomedical Application: Brain computer interface
• A means for communication
between a brain and a
computer via measurements
associated with brain
activity.
• No muscle motion is
involved (e.g., eye
movement).
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Electrode Placement and Sample Data
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Sample (250 per second)
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BCI Application- Neuroprosthesis
Hold cup for drinking
http://www.dpmi.tugraz.at/
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Summary
Reviewed the course outline
Reviewed basic concepts and terminologies of DSP
Examined some practical examples
Next class: we will review discrete-time signals and
systems
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