What is RESEARCH?
Research is an organized
investigation and study of
materials and sources to create
facts and reach new inferences.
Research has come up with developing
appropriate solutions to improve the
individual’s quality of life. Although it may
take place in a different setting and may use
different methods, scientific research is
universally a systematic and objective
search for reliable knowledge (Walker,
2010).
Research is a verified approach of
thinking and employing legalized
instruments and steps to obtain a
more adequate solution to a problem
that is otherwise impossible to
address under ordinary means
(Crawford, as cited by Alcantara &
Espina, 1995).
In most cases, research helps society to
answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It
must be a proper investigation and should
reach a valid conclusion that would
facilitate the finding of answers to the
questions. Some of these questions are:
How can research affect society? What is
the impact of the research to daily life?
Purpose of Research
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study. V
Importance of Research in
Daily Life
1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by
conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us
to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies and
supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things
and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes,
business, technology and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable
information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for
public awareness.
Differentiate Inquiry from
Research
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word
‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something
to request for truth, information, or knowledge.
Research is systematic and objective creation of
knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the
scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles
presented), knowledge creation (a creative process)
CATEGORY
OF
RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
This is the type of research that is a
purely direct application but increasing
the nature of understanding about the
problem. It develops the scientific
theories to be more understandable to
the readers.
APPLIED RESEARCH
It is a type of research that needs
an answer to a specific question.
It provides solutions and
validation in order to apply to
the real setting.
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES,
AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the major characteristics of
research:
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments of theories.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/
experimented on, are kept constant.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to questions
and solutions to problems.
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES,
AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
or case study.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are
logically based on real-life situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination
and produces the data needed to complete the study.
It is said that research can be done in
different ways. It can be either a well-
planned and methodical process that is
based on keen observation and concrete
and valid evaluation. Integration is the
best way to evaluate the validity of a
certain study.
Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the
following are involved in the Research
Processes:
1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM:
What is the problem?
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
What evidence is already presented?
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS:
How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being
studied?
4. RESEARCH DESIGN:
Where will the study be shown and with what population?
Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the
following are involved in the Research
Processes:
5. COLLECTING DATA:
Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the
data?
6. ANALYZING DATA:
How do the data answer the research queries?
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT:
What are the implications of the results?
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant
in conducting research studies as explained in the
following
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge,
truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that
are essential to collaborative work.
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be
accountable in every act that the researcher/s
undertake.
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant
in conducting research studies as explained in the
following
Third, ensure that researchers are held
accountable to the public.
Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs
public awareness. This can be evaluated by the
researcher before conducting the study
because this may help a certain population in
an area once the study is completed.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow
codes and policies for research:
Honesty Maintain all communication.
Data should not be faked.
Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental designs,
data analysis, interpretation, expert
testimony, and other aspects of
research.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow
codes and policies for research:
Integrity Keep your promises and agreements.
Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence.
Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be
open to criticism and new ideas.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will
follow codes and policies for research:
Confidentiality Protect confidential
communication.
Responsible Publication
Avoid duplicating publications.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow
codes and policies for research:
Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor,
and advise others.
Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly.
Social Responsibility Strive to promote social
good. Avoid social harm.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow
codes and policies for research:
Non- Discrimination Avoid discrimination
against colleagues or students on the
basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or
others.
Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws and
institutional governmental policies.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research, Resnik, 2007
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow codes and
policies for research:
Respect of Intellectual Property
Give proper acknowledgment or credits to
all researchers.
Human Subject
Minimize risks that involve human lives,
dignity, and privacy.
