Multiplexing
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
3. Time Division Multiplexing
Spread Spectrum
1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Multiplexing
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Process of Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
3. Time Division Multiplexing
Process of Time Division Multiplexing
Spread Spectrum
1. FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmission Media
A transmission medium is a physical path between the transmitter
and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which data is sent from
one device to another.
1. Guided Media
a) Twisted pair cable-
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each
other.
Parameter UTP STP
In UTP grounding cable is not While in STP grounding cable is
Grounding Cable necessary. required.
Data rate in UTP is slow compared to
Data Rate STP. Data rate in STP is high.
Cost The cost of UTP is less. While STP is costlier than UTP.
Maintenance Less maintenance needed. Much more maintenance is needed.
Noise Noise is high compared to STP. Noise is less.
The generation of crosstalk is also high
Generation of crosstalk Generation of crosstalk is also less.
compared to STP.
Attenuation is high in comparison to
Attenuation STP. Attenuation is low.
Expensive than UTP and difficult to
Installation Easy and inexpensive install.
Data transmission within short Connecting organizations over a long
used for distance such as for home and office distance.
networks.
b) Coaxial Cable
Eg. Cable TV or analog television network.
c) Optical fibre cable
d. Stripline-
It is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium
Stripline is the earliest form of the planar transmission line. It uses a conducting
material to transmit high-frequency waves it is also called a waveguide.
e. Microstripline-
A microstripline is a type of transmission media used to carry high-
frequency signals, commonly found in microwave and radio frequency
circuits.
It consists of a flat, narrow conducting strip (usually made of metal) placed
on top of a dielectric material (an insulating layer), with a metal ground
plane on the other side.
2. Unguided Media
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission
media . No physical medium is required for the transmission of
electromagnetic signals.
Features of Unguided Media
•The signal is broadcasted through air
•Less Secure
•Used for larger distances
a) Radio waves
Types of Radio Waves:
•Short Wave: AM Radio
•VHF (Very High Frequency): FM
Radio/TV
•UHF (Ultra High Frequency): TV
b) Microwaves
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving
antennas need to be properly aligned with each other. The distance
covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the
antenna.
Eg. Mobile phone communication
c) Infrared Waves
- used for very short distance communication
- Cannot penetrate through obstacles.
- It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse,
keyboard, printer, etc.
Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared wave
These are omni-directional These are unidirectional in These are unidirectional in
Direction in nature. nature. nature.
At low frequency, they can At low frequency, they can
penetrate through solid penetrate through solid They cannot penetrate
Penetration objects and walls but high objects and walls. at high through any solid object and
frequency they bounce off frequency, they cannot walls.
the obstacle. penetrate.
These offers medium
Security These offers poor security. security. These offers high security.
Attenuation Attenuation is high. Attenuation is variable. Attenuation is low.
Setup and usage Cost is
Usage Cost moderate. Setup and usage Cost is high. Usage Cost is very less.
These are used in long These are used in long These are not used in long
Communication distance communication. distance communication. distance communication.
Switching
Switching is the process of transferring data packets from one device to
another in a network, or from one network to another, using specific
devices called switches.
Switching takes place at the Data Link layer of the OSI Model.
Types of Switching
1. Message Switching
2. Circuit Switching
3. Packet Switching
a) Datagram Packet Switching:
In Datagram Packet switching, each data frame is taken as an individual entity and thus,
they are processed separately. Here, no connection is established before data transmission
occurs.
Although this approach provides flexibility in data transfer, it may cause a loss of data
frames or late delivery of the data frames.
b) Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching: In Virtual-Circuit Packet switching, a logical connection
between the source and destination is made before transmitting any data. These logical
connections are called virtual circuits.
Each data frame follows these logical paths and provides a reliable way of transmitting data
with less chance of data loss.
