Chapter 11
Vectors, Curves, and Surfaces in Space
Chapter 11
In this Chapter, we will explore the following Sections: 11.1 Vectors in the Plane, in R2 11.2 3-D Vectors, in R3 11.3 The Cross Product of Vectors 11.4 Lines and Curves in Space.
Chapter 11 Vectors, Curves, and Surfaces in Space
Section 11.1: Vectors in the Plane
2,3
Objectives
In this section, we will study: 1. Introduction to Vectors 2. Algebraic Operations with Vectors 3. The Unit Vectors In General: The goal of this section is to study different algebraic and geometric aspects of vector representations.
Introduction
Definition: A vector v in the Cartesian plane is an ordered pair <.a, b >write of real numbers that has the form We v = <a, b > and call a and b the components of the vector v. Definition: A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Definition: The zero vector 0 = 0, 0 is a vector that has 0 magnitude and no direction.
Introduction to Vectors
A vector is some times represented by
an arrow with initial point P and terminal point Q. The length of the arrow represent the magnitude The direction of the vector represent the direction of the quantity.
The length of the vector v = <a, b >
is its magnitude and given by:
v = v = < a, b > = a 2 + b 2
Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Example 1, Page 819: Find the length of the vector v = 1, -2
Definition: Equality of Vectors The two vectors u = u1, u2 and v = v1, v2 are equal provided that: u1= v1 and u2= v2. Equality of vectors
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Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Definition: Addition of Vectors The sum of the two vectors u = u1, u2 and v = v1, v2 is the vector u + v = u1+ v1 , u2+ v2 . The geometric interpretation of vector addition is the triangle law of addition, illustrated in Fig.
a. The triangle rule for adding vectors a and b
Algebraic Operations with Vectors
An equivalent interpretation of the vector addition is the parallelogram law of addition, illustrated in Fig. below
Example 2, Page 820: Find the sum u + v of the two vectors u = 4, 3 and v = -5, 2
b. The parallelogram rule for vector addition
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Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Definition: Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar If u = u1, u2 and c is a real number, then the scalar multiple is the vector c u = c u1, c u2 .
Note: If c is a constant, then
c u = (cu1 ) 2 + (cu 2 ) 2 =c
(u1 ) + (u 2 ) = c u
2 2
Note: The negative of the vector u = u1, u2 is the vector
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u = -u1, -u2 with the same length, but opposite direction.
Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Some multiples of the vector v
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Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Definition: Subtraction of Vectors The difference of the two vectors u = u1, u2 and v = v1, v2 is the vector u - v = u1- v1 , u2 - v2 .
Example 3, Page 820: Consider the two vectors u = 4, -3 and v = -2, 3 . Find: |u|, u + v, u v, 3u 2v and 2u + 4v
c. The difference rule
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Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Theorem: Properties of Vector Operations For any vectors u, v, and w in the plane and any scalars s and t: u+v=v+u (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) (st) u = s (tu) u+0=u u + ( u)= 0 (s + t) u = su + tu s(u + v) = su + sv
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Commutativity of vector addition Associativity of vector addition Associativity of scalar multiplication Identity for addition Inverse property for addition Distributive laws
Algebraic Operations with Vectors
Vector operations are easily presented when vectors are in component form.
1.
a1, a2 = b1, b2 k a, b = ka, kb
iff a1= b1 and a2 = b2
1.
1.
a, b + c, d = a + c, b + d a, b c, d = a c, b d
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4.
The Unit vectors i and j
Definitions: - A unit vector is a vector that has length 1. - A direction vector for a given nonzero vector v is a unit vector u that points in the same direction as v. - The direction vector u can be found by dividing v by its length |v| ; that is u = v
Example, Page 821: Find a direction vector for the vector v = 3, 4 .
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Two unit vectors play a special role: i = 1, 0 and j = 0,
The Unit vectors i and j
The unit vectors i = 1, 0 and j = 0, 1 point in the directions of the positive x-axes and y-axis, respectively, and are called standard basis vectors.
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The Unit vectors i and j
Note: Every vector v in the plane is a linear combination of i and j.
b. Any vector v = v1, v2 can be expressed uniquely as v = v1i + v2 j
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The Unit vectors i and j
Example 4, Page 821: If a = 2i - 3j, b = 3i + 4j, and c = i 4j. 1). What is the standard representation of the vector 2a + 5b c 2). Express 5a 3b in terms of i and j.
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Homework
Every other odd from 1 to 42
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