Data Communication

CSC 201
Prof. O.R. Vincent
Dr. O.A Alabi
Introduction
• Communication is defined as a process in which more
than one computer transfers information, instructions to
each other and for sharing resources
• Communication is a process or act in which we can send
or receive data.
• Data communication is the transmission of electronic
data over some media.
• The media may be cables, microwaves, etc.
Components of Data
Communication
1.Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be transmitted
from one person to another. It could be a text file, an audio file, a video
file, etc.
2.Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages. It can be a
computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation, etc.
3.Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer,
telephone mobile, workstation, etc.
4.Transmission Medium / Communication Channels: Communication
channels are the medium that connect two or more workstations.
Workstations can be connected by either wired media or wireless media.
5.Set of rules (Protocol): When someone sends the data (The sender), it
should be understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is meaningless.
For example, bob send a message to Alice. If bob writes in Hindi and Alice
cannot understand Hindi, it is a meaningless conversation.
Components of Data
Communication
1.Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be transmitted
from one person to another. It could be a text file, an audio file, a video
file, etc.
2.Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages. It can be a
computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation, etc.
3.Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer,
telephone mobile, workstation, etc.
4.Transmission Medium / Communication Channels: Communication
channels are the medium that connect two or more workstations.
Workstations can be connected by either wired media or wireless media.
5.Set of rules (Protocol): When someone sends the data (The sender), it
should be understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is meaningless.
For example, bob send a message to Alice. If bob writes in Hindi and Alice
cannot understand Hindi, it is a meaningless conversation.
Data Transmission
•Data may be transfer from one device to another by means of some communication
media
•The electromagnetic or light waves that transfer data from one device to another
device in encoded form are called signals.
•Data transmissions across the network can occur in two forms:
• Analog signal
• Digital signal
•Analog Signal: The transfer of data in the form of electrical signals or continuous
waves is called analog signal or analog data transmission.
• An analog signal is measured in volts and its frequency is in hertz (Hz).
•Advantages
• Allows multiple transmissions across the cable.
• Suffers less from attenuation.
Data Transmission
•Disadvantages
• Suffers from EMI
• Can only be transmitted in one direction without sophisticated equipment.
•Digital Signal: The transfer of data in the form of digit is called digital signal or
digital data transmission. Digital signals consist of binary digits 0 & 1, Electrical
pulses are used to represent binary digits. Data transmission between computers
is in the form of digital signals.
•Advantages
• Equipment is cheaper and simpler than analog equipment
• Signals can be transmitted on a cable bidirectional.
• Digital signals suffer less from EMI.
• Costs more than simplex.
• Only one device can transmit at a time.
Data Transmission
•Disadvantages
• Suffers from EMI
• Can only be transmitted in one direction without sophisticated equipment.
•Digital Signal: The transfer of data in the form of digit is called digital signal or
digital data transmission. Digital signals consist of binary digits 0 & 1, Electrical
pulses are used to represent binary digits. Data transmission between computers
is in the form of digital signals.
•Advantages
• Equipment is cheaper and simpler than analog equipment
• Signals can be transmitted on a cable bidirectional.
• Digital signals suffer less from EMI.
• Costs more than simplex.
• Only one device can transmit at a time.
Type of data communication
• The data communication is divided into three types:
1.Simplex Communication: It is one-way communication or we can say that
unidirectional communication in which one device only receives and another
device only sends data and devices uses their entire capacity in transmission.
For example, IoT, entering data using a keyboard, listing music using a
speaker, etc.
2.Half Duplex communication: It is a two-way communication or we can say
that it is a bidirectional communication in which both the devices can send
and receive data but not at the same time. When one device is sending data
then another device is only receiving and vice-versa. For example, walkie-
talkie.
3.Full-duplex communication: It is a two-way communication or we can say
that it is a bidirectional communication in which both the devices can send
and receive data at the same time. For example, mobile phones, landlines, etc
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
•Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. We use
different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
•Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals. There are two
categories of transmission media: Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media and
Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media.
•Wired Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable
• Optical Fiber

•Wireless Transmission
• Antennas
• Terrestrial Microwave
• Satellite Microwave
• Broadcast Radio
• Infrared
COMPUTER NETWORK

•A network is any collection of independent computers that

communicate with one another over a shared network medium.
•A computer network is a collection of two or more connected
computers.
•When these computers are joined in a network, people can share files
and peripherals such as modems, printers, tape backup drives, or CD-
ROM drives.
•When networks at multiple locations are connected using services
available from phone companies, people can send e-mail, share links
to the global Internet, or conduct video conferences in real time with
Types of Networks:

•LANs (Local Area Networks)

•A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one
another over a shared network medium.
•LANS are networks usually confined to a geographic area, such as a single building or
a college campus.
• LAN covers an organization’ offices, schools, colleges or universities.
• Number of systems connected in LAN may vary from as least as two to as much as
16 million.
• LAN provides a useful way of sharing the resources between end users.
• The resources such as printers, file servers, scanners, and internet are easily
sharable among computers.
Types of Networks:

•LANs (Local Area Networks)

• LANs are composed of inexpensive networking and routing
equipment.
• It may contains local servers serving file storage and other
locally shared applications.
• It mostly operates on private IP addresses and does not
involve heavy routing.
• LAN works under its own local domain and controlled
centrally.
• LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
• Ethernet is most widely employed LAN technology and uses
Star topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen.
• LAN can be wired,wireless, or in both forms at once.
Types of Networks:

• Wide Area Network

• As the name suggests,the Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area which
may span across provinces and even a whole country.
• Generally, telecommunication networks are Wide Area Network.
• These networks provide connectivity to MANs and LANs.
• Since they are equipped with very high speed backbone, WANs use very
expensive network equipment.
• WAN may use advanced technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM), Frame Relay, and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). WAN may be
managed by multiple administration
Types of Networks:

• Metropolitan Area Network

• The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands throughout a city such as
cable TV network.
• It can be in the form of Ethernet,Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI).
• Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs.
• This service enables its users to expand their Local Area Networks.
• For example, MAN can help an organization to connect all of its offices in a city.
• Backbone of MAN is high-capacity and high-speed fiber optics.
• MAN works in between Local Area Network and Wide Area Network. MAN provides
uplink for LANs to WANs or internet.
Internet

• A network of networks is called internet.

• It is the largest network in existence on this planet.
• The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to LANs
and Home networks.
• Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing protocol.
• Present day, Internet is widely implemented using IPv4. Because of shortage
of address spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
• Internet enables its users to share and access enormous amount of
information worldwide.
• It uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio and video streaming etc
• At huge level, internet works on Client-Server model.
• Internet uses very high speed backbone of fiber optics.
• To inter-connect various continents, fibers are laid under sea known to us as
submarine communication cable.
Internet
• Internet is widely deployed on World Wide Web services using HTML linked pages and is
accessible by client software known as Web Browsers.
• When a user requests a page using some web browser located on some Web Server
anywhere in the world, the Web Server responds with the proper HTML page.
• Internet is serving many proposes and is involved in many aspects of life. Some of them
are:
• Web sites
• E-mail
• Instant Messaging
• Blogging
• Social Media
• Marketing
• Networking
• Resource Sharing
• Audio and Video Streaming
Network Topology
• A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems
or network devices are connected to each other.
• Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the
network.
• A network topology is the geometric arrangement of nodes and cable
links in a LAN.
• There are four topologies to think about when you get into networks.
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Bus Topology
• Mesh Topology
Network Topology
• Star Topology :
• In a star topology each node has a dedicated set of wires connecting
it to a central network hub.
• Since all traffic passes through the hub, the hub becomes a central
point for isolating network problems and gathering network statistics.
• If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every
communication between hosts, takes place through only the hub
• Star topology is not expensive as to connect one more host, only one
cable is required and configuration is simple.
Network Topology
• Star Topology
Network Topology
• Bus Topology
• In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable.
• Bus topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the
same time.
• It is one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does
not affect the other devices.
• But failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning.
• In some instances, such as in classrooms or labs, a bus will connect small
workgroups.
• Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only
one direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator
removes the data from the line.
Network Topology
• Bus Topology
Network Topology
• Ring Topology
• In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other
machines, creating a circular network structure.
• When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host
which is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate
hosts.
• Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring.
• Thus, every connection in the ring is a point of failure. Data packets
travel in a single direction around the ring from one network device
to the next.
• Each network device acts as a repeater, meaning it regenerates the
signal.
Network Topology
• Ring Topology
Network Topology
• Mesh Topology
• In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts.
• This topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may
also have hosts which are in point-to-point connection to few hosts only.
• Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have
direct point-to-point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:
• Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the
network. It provides the most reliable network structure among all network
topologies.
• Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host.
Hosts connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists
where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out of all.
Network Topology
• Mesh Topology
INTRODUCTION TO APPLICATION SOFTWARE
•Application software or program is a computer program designed to help users
perform a certain kind of activity.
•Depending on the task(s) for which it was designed, an application program
manipulate text, numbers, graphics or a combination of these elements.
• Classifications of Application Software
• Application specific / special- purpose packages: These are packages designed
for a specific task such as a company payroll program used to store employee
details and generates details of pay for each individual employee.
• Generalized packages / General- Purpose packages: This may be used for a
wide variety of purposes. An example of a general-purpose package is a word
processor, a program which allows the computer to be used somewhat like an
electronic typewriter and is therefore appropriate to numerous text processing
tasks.
Word Processing
•Word Processor: this is a software package that enables a computer user to create,
edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference.
•Word Processing: this is an act of using the computer or other electronic equipment
for the manipulation of text which involves creation, editing, storage and printing.
•There are several Word processor packages that can be used in Windows
operating System. They are:
• Microsoft Office Word (MS Word)
• WordPerfect
• OpenOffice.org Writer
• Ability Write
• WordPad
• Notepad
Word Processing
•Word Processor: this is a software package that enables a computer user to create,
edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference.
•Word Processing: this is an act of using the computer or other electronic equipment
for the manipulation of text which involves creation, editing, storage and printing.
•There are several Word processor packages that can be used in Windows
operating System. They are:
• Microsoft Office Word (MS Word)
• WordPerfect
• OpenOffice.org Writer
• Ability Write
• WordPad
• Notepad
Features of Word Processors
•They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents.
The following are the main features of a Word Processor.
•Word-wrap: automatic arrangement of text in lines of specified length without the necessity of
touching the return key.
•Justification: automatic alignment of text to both the left and right margins
•Indents: the setting of temporary margins within a document differing from the primary margins
used.
•Insertion: the entry of new text within previously typed material without erasing the existing
material.
•Over-striking: the substitution of new text for old by typing over the old text.
•Deletion: erasure of text from the screen, or of whole documents from the disk
•Search and Replace: moving directly to specified words or parts of words within a document and
replacing them with different words or word portions.
•Copying or Cutting: the duplication or moving of blocks of text within a document.
•Pagination: automatic division of a document into pages of specified numbers of lines.
•Page Numbering: automatic sequential numbering of pages
Microsoft Excel
•Definition of a Spreadsheet
•A spreadsheet is a program that manipulates number and string data in rows and columns.
•Advantages of a Spreadsheet
•Main advantage of using a spreadsheet program is that it enables you to perform simple row-
and- column arithmetic
•Introduction to Excel
• Excel is a spreadsheet program with various components
• Rows-are referenced by the row number, 1:1 is the reference to the first row.
• Columns-are referenced by the column name such as "A" d. Cell-is an
intersection of a row and a column. It can contain various types of data -
numeric/character
• A cell is referenced by Lie combination of a column and row name. E.g., first cell
Al is in column A and row 1
• Worksheet-contains rows and columns of cells. A sample worksheet is displayed
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel
• The Microsoft Excel Window includes the following component
• Rows: Rows are referenced by the numbers.
• Columns: Columns are referenced by the alphabets
• Cell: A cell is an intersection of a row and a column.
• Cells can contain various types of data. A cell is referenced by the
name of the column and row. For example, the first cell A1 is in
column A and row 1.
• Worksheet: A worksheet contains row and columns and their
intersection forms the cells. A worksheet consists of 65,536 rows and
256 column
• Workbook: A workbook consists of worksheets, It is also referred to
as an Excel file.
• workbook can be defined as a set of worksheets.
• Title bar: A title bar displays the name of the current workbook.
Microsoft Excel
• The Microsoft Excel Window includes the following component

• Menu bar: A menu bar consists of various menus, such as File, Edit, and View.
• Toolbar: A toolbar contains buttons that provide easy access to the commands
and functions of Excel.
• Formula bar: A formula bar contains tools for creating and editing formulas.
• Name box: A name box displays the name of a selected cell and a range of cells.
• Task Pane: A task pane serves as an additional navigation tool substituting
the frequently used dialog boxes. The task pane appears each time you start
Excel.
• Horizontal scroll bar: A horizontal scroll bar serves as a tool to view the left or
right part of the worksheet that is not displayed on the screen.
• Vertical scroll bar: A vertical scroll bar serves as a tool to view the top or bottom
part of the worksheet that is not displayed on the screen.
• Sheet Tab: A sheet tab helps to navigate between worksheets in a workbook.