Object-Oriented Analysis &

Design (OOAD)
Week 2
Zia ur Rehman
 Object-Oriented Analysis & Design
 Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)
Understanding requirements and identifying objects/behaviors in a
system.
Example: For a ride-sharing app, analysis involves defining users,
drivers, rides, and payments.
Requirements gathering using Client’s interviews & Domain
knowledge.
 Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
Planning / structuring how to implement the system using classes,
relationships, and patterns.
Example: Designing a Ride class with methods like RequestRide(),
AssignDriver(), UpdateLocation(), StartRide(), CalculateFare().
 Object Modeling Technique (OMT)
 Object Model (Data-Oriented)
 Represents the static structure of the system using classes,
objects, attributes, and relationships.

what objects are in the system? how are they related?

In a Ride-Sharing App:
Objects: Rider, Driver, Ride, Payment.
Interactions: A Rider requests a Ride, which is assigned to a
Driver.
(Class Diagram)
 Dynamic Model (Action-Oriented)
Captures behavior over time, including states, events, and
interactions between objects.
 what events occur in the system?
 when do they occur and in what order?
States: Conditions of an object (e.g., Ride can be Requested,
Ongoing, Completed).
Events: Triggers for state changes (e.g., "Driver accepts ride").
[Ride Requested] → [Driver Accepts] → [Driver Assigned] → [Ride Completed]
→ [CalculateFare]
(State Diagram)
 Functional Model (both Data and Action-Oriented)
 Describes data flow and processes that transform
inputs into outputs.
 “what” does the system do?

Examples:
 FoodPanda:
Data flow: Order → Restaurant → Rider → Payment.
 Ride-Sharing App:
Rider request → Match driver → Calculate fare → Process
payment.

(Dataflow Diagram)
 Four Phases of OMT
 Analysis: goal is finding the problem statement.
 Key Activities: Object Modeling, Dynamic Modeling, Functional
Modeling.
 System Design determines overall architecture of system,
concurrent tasks and data storage.
 Object Design concerned with classification of objects into
different classes and about attributes and necessary operations
needed.
 Key Activities: Algorithm Design, Optimization, Data Structure
Selection, Error Handling.
 implementation translates design into the software
(programming language).
 Key activities: Coding, Testing, Integration.
 Object Modeling
Concept Explanation Real-World Example

Objects & Class Represents real-world entities Car, Person

Links & Associations Defines relationships between Teacher-Student, Doctor-Patient

objects

Common characteristics inherited

Generalization & Inheritance by specific entities Vehicles (Cars, Bikes, Buses)

Grouping Constructs Organizes related objects together Library Sections, Mall Store
Categories

Aggregation "Has-a" relationship between Company-Departments, Car-Parts

objects

Abstract Class Concept that cannot be instantiated Shape (Circle, Rectangle), Animal
directly (Dog, Cat)

Multiple Inheritance Inheriting from multiple sources Smartphone (Phone + Computer),

Hybrid Car

Meta Data Data about data Book Information, Photo Details

Candidate Key Unique identifier in a database Student ID, Employee ID

 Object Modeling - concepts
Class: A blueprint/template that defines the attributes and behavior
(methods) of objects.

Object: A specific instance of a class, representing a real-world entity.

Example:
Class: Student (attributes: studentID, name, Program;
methods: enrollCourse(), submitAssignment()).

Object: student1 = Student("2023-CS-804", "Ali", "Computer Science")

 Links & Associations
 Link (Object-Level Relationship):
A Link represents a specific connection between two objects
(instances) at a given moment. (e.g., a student attends a course).
A specific student (John) is enrolled in a specific course (CS102).
A specific doctor (Dr. Ahmed) treats a particular patient (Ali).
 Association (Class-Level Relationship):
An Association represents a general relationship between two or
more classes. (e.g., a Student enrolls in a Course).
Doctor treat a Patient.
A Customer places an Order (one-to-many association).
A Student enrolls in a Course (many-to-many relationship).
 Generalization & Inheritance
 Generalization:
 Abstracting common characteristics of multiple entities.
 Creating a parent class (superclass) from common features of
subclasses.
Example: Bird generalizes Eagle and Sparrow.
 Inheritance: A child entity inherits attributes/methods from a parent
entity.
Example:
 Vehicle is a generalized concept that includes Cars, Bikes, and Buses.
All have wheels and an engine but differ in specific features.
 Banking: SavingsAccount and CurrentAccount inherit from
Account.
 Birds is a generalized category that includes Eagles, Sparrows, and
Penguins. Some can fly, while others cannot, but they all share
common bird traits.
 Grouping Constructs
 Used to group similar entities together for better organization.
 Organizing classes into logical units (e.g., packages, namespaces)
Example:
 A Library groups different sections like fiction, non-fiction,
research materials, and magazines.
 A Shopping Mall groups stores into categories like clothing,
electronics, and food courts.

• Grouping by roles: Students, Faculty, Staff

• Grouping by departments: CS, Engineering, Business
 Aggregation
 A "has-a" relationship where parts can exist independently of
the whole.
Example:
 Department has Students:
If the department closes, students still exist.
 Car and Engine: A Car has an Engine, but an Engine can exist
separately from the Car.
 Shopping Cart: A cart aggregates Product objects, but
products exist independently.
 Abstract Class
 Represents an idea or a concept that cannot be instantiated directly.
Imagine you are designing a Drawing Application where you need different
shapes (Circle, Square, Triangle).
• All shapes have a common characteristic: area and perimeter.
• But the formula to calculate the area differs for each shape.
• Instead of defining separate methods for each shape, we create an abstract
class Shape and let child classes implement their own version of area
calculation.
Example:
 Shape is an abstract idea that includes specific shapes like Circle, Rectangle,
and Triangle.
 Payment Systems: An abstract Payment class with subclasses like CreditCard,
JazzCash, EasyPaisa.
 Multiple Inheritance
 A class inheriting features from more than one parent class.
 it provides descriptive information about objects, attributes,
or processes.
Example:
Hybrid Car: Inherits features from ElectricEngine and
CombustionEngine (conceptual).
Smartphone: Inherits features from Phone, Camera, and
Computer
 Meta Data:
 Data about data, providing descriptive information.
Example:
 A Book's metadata includes title, author, publication date, and
ISBN.
 When you take a photo using your phone, Meta Data is stored
along with the image.
It includes details about the photo, such as:
File Name: vacation.jpg
Date & Time Taken: 2024-02-12 14:30
Camera Model: iPhone 13 Pro
Image Resolution: 4000x3000 pixels
Location: New York, USA
 Candidate Key:
 A unique identifier for a database record.
Example:
 In a Student Database, a Roll Number or Student ID can be a
candidate key because each student has a unique number.
Student Table:
Candidate Keys: studentID, email.
Primary Key: studentID (chosen candidate key).

 In an Employee Database, an Employee ID or CNIC serves as a

unique identifier
 Dynamic Modeling

• Events & States.

• Operations, Nested State Diagram
• Concurrency, Advanced Dynamic Modeling
Concepts