Lecture 19 & 20

ENERGY: SCIENCE OF ENERGY, FORMS OF ENERGY, ENERGY CONVERSION,

SUSTAINABILITY OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
 2
Science of Energy

 Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.

 Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced.
 Energy is the capacity that a given system has to change the state of other systems, like changing the
velocity or the temperature.
 All changes that occur in nature are caused by some form of energy exchange. Energy is therefore always a
transference between systems and cannot be created or destroyed.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be changed into different forms.
 3
Energy sources

 The sun is the main source of energy on Earth. Other energy sources include coal,
geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass, hydropower, nuclear energy and many more.
 Energy sources can be classified into two types
 Renewable energy sources
 Nonrenewable energy sources
 4
Renewable Energy Sources

 Renewable sources of energy are available plentiful in nature and are sustainable. These
resources of energy can be naturally replenished and are safe for the environment.
 Examples of renewable sources of energy are: Solar energy, geothermal energy, wind
energy, biomass, hydropower and tidal energy.
 5
Nonrenewable Energy Sources

 A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that is found underneath the earth. These
type of energy resources do not replenish at the same speed at which it is used. They take
millions of years to replenish.
 Examples of non-renewable sources of energy are: Natural gas, coal, petroleum, nuclear
energy and hydrocarbon gas liquids.
 6
Forms of Energy

 There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy.
 Kinetic energy is known as the energy of motion. Kinetic energy include electrical
energy, sound energy.
 Potential energy is the stored energy within an object resulting from an object’s
arrangement, position, or state. Potential energy includes gravitational energy, chemical
energy.
 7
Energy Conversion

 Energy conversion is defined as the transformation of energy from forms supplied from nature to forms
that can be utilized by humans.
 Primary energy is the energy embodied in natural resources which involve extraction, (e.g. oil and coal,
but also wind and solar). Primary energy refers to energy sources as found in nature.
 Final energy is the result of the transformation of primary energy sources the energy embodied in
commodities which involve human transformation (e.g. electricity or gasoline or LPG) and it is usually,
energy that is available at the consumer level.
 Useful energy is the energy really spent at the end-use technologies. The portion of final energy which
is actually available after final conversion to the consumer for the respective use (service). For
example, depending on the technology conversion, electricity becomes (e.g. light, mechanical energy
or heat).
 8

 Energy conversion efficiency is the

ratio between the useful output of an
energy conversion machine and the
input.
 Waste energy is energy lost in the
conversion process.
 9
Sustainability of energy systems

 Energy system is a well-defined system in which energy flows enter the system to perform certain
activities.
 Energy sustainability means harmonious and rational development at three main levels: energy
generation, energy distribution, and energy utilization.
 Sustainable energy supplies are required for a sustainable development. Energy resources must be
available for a reasonably foreseeable future at an affordable cost and with reasonable access, without
causing negative societal and environmental impacts.
 Therefore, better energy systems’ designs must be developed with increased efficiency and reduced
fossil fuel consumption considering the environmental impacts.
 10
Dimensions of sustainability

 The social dimension focuses on the well-being and quality of life of people. In a sustainable society, social
systems should ensure that all individuals have access to basic needs, opportunities, and a high quality of life
without compromising the needs of future generations.
 The environmental dimension relates to the health and resilience of ecosystems and the natural environment.
It involves maintaining biodiversity, conserving resources, reducing pollution, addressing climate change,
and promoting sustainable land use and resource management. A sustainable approach considers the Earth’s
finite resources and aims to minimize negative impacts on the environment.
 The economic dimension concerns the long-term viability of economic systems. It involves promoting
economic growth and development while ensuring that it does not come at the expense of social well-being
or environmental health. Sustainable economies strive to balance prosperity with the responsible use of
resources, ethical practices, and consideration of the impacts of economic activities on society and the
environment
 11
Dimensions of sustainability (in terms of Energy)

 There are interconnections between sustainability dimensions focusing on energy.

 Environmentally, indicators may include the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix, the
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and improvements in energy efficiency.
 Social indicators might encompass access to affordable and reliable energy services for all, equitable
distribution of energy resources, and the creation of green jobs in the renewable energy sector.
 On the economic front, indicators may assess the cost-effectiveness of sustainable energy solutions,
investments in renewable energy infrastructure, and the overall resilience of energy systems to market
fluctuations.
 12

Figure 1 : Interconnection between sustainability dimensions with respect to energy

 LECTURE 21 & 22

Working of renewable
C devices
How do solar cells operate?
Photoelectric effect
Intro to semiconductors and band gaps
Wind energy, Wind mills
Renewable devices
• Renewable Energy Device means a device where energy is derived from sources that are not depleted by
using them, these include:
• Co-generation production of electricity and thermal energy from the same source, rejected heat from
industrial processes can be used to power an electric generator surplus heat from electric generator can
be used for industrial processes or for heating purposes (also referred to as combined heat and power).
• Solar Collector means a non-reflective device, used to collect sunlight that is used to convert radiant
energy from the sun into thermal or electrical energy.
• Wind Energy Conversion System commonly known as Wind
Turbines refers to wind power that is produced by the wind turning
rotors mounted to a turbine. This energy is converted to electricity
which can be used immediately, stored in batteries or fed back onto
the power grid. Wind turbines use blades to collect the wind's kinetic
energy. Wind flows over the blades creating lift (similar to the effect
on airplane wings), which causes the blades to turn. The blades are
connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator, which
produces (generates) electricity.

• Geothermal Energy refers to tapping the heat of the earth itself

kilometers deep into the earth’s crust. Geothermal power plants use
steam to produce electricity. The steam comes from reservoirs of hot
water found a few miles or more below the earth's surface. The
steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces
electricity.
 How do solar cells operate?
• Solar cells are semi-conductor devices which use sunlight to produce electricity. They are organized into a
large frame which is the solar panel. These are also called photovoltaic cells.

How so solar cells operate?

• First, a PV cell absorbs light and knocks electrons loose.
• Then, an electric current is created by the loose-flowing electrons.
• Finally, the electrical current is captured and transferred to wires.
Photoelectric effect
• Photovoltaic energy is based on the photoelectric effect.
• When light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal in a phenomenon
known as the photoelectric effect.
• This process is also often referred to as photoemission, and the electrons that are ejected from the metal
are called photoelectrons.
• In terms of their behavior and their properties, photoelectrons are no different from other electrons.
Semiconductors and band gaps

• Semiconductors are devices that have conduction between a conductor and insulators and are used in
everyday life in many devices like solar panels, switches, electric circuits, etc.
• Elemental semiconductors include antimony, arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium, selenium, silicon,
sulfur and tellurium. Silicon is the best known of these.
• Band gap is the distance between the valence band of electrons and the conduction band. Essentially, the
band gap represents the minimum energy that is required to excite an electron up to a state in the
conduction band where it can participate in conduction.[1] The lower energy level is the valence band,
and thus if a gap exists between this level and the higher energy conduction band, energy must be input
for electrons to become free. The size and existence of this band gap allows one to visualize the
difference between conductors, semiconductors, and insulators
Semiconductors and band gaps

• The size of this band gap gives the materials some of their distinct properties.
• In semiconductors, the gap is small enough that it can be bridged by some sort of excitation - perhaps
from the Sun in the case of photovoltaic cells. The gap is essentially some size "in-between" that of a
conductor or insulator. In this model, a finite number of electrons are able to reach the conduction band
and conduct small amounts of electricity.
• The excitation of this electron also allows additional conduction processes to occur as a result of the
electron hole left behind. An electron from an atom close by can occupy this space, creating a chain
reaction of holes and electron movement that creates current. A small amount of doping material can
drastically increase the conductivity of this material.
 Lecture 23 & 24

Energy quantification, Energy needs

Available resources
Renewable vs nonrenewable
Challenges of current practices, Future of Energy
Contents Energy sources
Renewable vs Nonrenewable sources
Energy quantification
Energy Needs
Challenges of current practices
Future of energy

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 22

Energy sources
Energy has been critical to human progress over the last
few centuries. As the United Nations rightly says: “energy
is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity
the world faces today.”
Energy production can have negative impacts on human
health and the environment in three ways.
Air pollution: Millions of people die prematurely every
year as a result of air pollution.
Accidents: This includes accidents in the mining and
extraction of fuels — coal, uranium, oil, and gas.
Global warming: Fossil fuels are the main source of
greenhouse gases, the primary driver of climate change.
In 2020, 91% of global CO2 emissions came from fossil
fuels and industry.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 23

Energy sources
No energy source is completely safe. All have short-term impacts on human health, either
through air pollution or accidents, and they all have long-term impacts by contributing to
climate change.
Fossil fuels are both the dirtiest and most dangerous in the short term and emit the most
greenhouse gases per unit of energy.
From the perspective of both human health and climate change, it matters less whether we
transition to nuclear power or renewable energy and more that we stop relying on fossil fuels.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 24

Renewable vs Nonrenewable sources

Renewable Nonrenewable
 Sustainable  Harmful for environment
 Environment friendly  Causes global warming
 Cause Less global warming  Relatively cheap
 Supports job growth  More reliable
 More Expensive initially  Dangerous process of extraction, causes
 accidents.
Energy independence through utilization of local
resources.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 25

Energy Quantification
Energy is measured in different units.
British Thermal Unit: A Btu is defined as the amount of heat required to heat up one pound
of pure water one degree Fahrenheit.
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electrical energy is equivalent to exactly 3412 Btus of energy.
Each time you burn a gallon of gasoline in a car, you convert approximately 120,000 Btus to
other forms of energy (mostly as waste heat).
There are about 1,055 Joules (J) in 1 Btu. The SI unit of energy is Joule.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 26

Energy Needs
Energy Need: Total amount of energy required for a process.
Energy services: These are those functions performed using energy which are means to obtain
desired end services.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 27

Socio-economic energy needs

Food Shelter Mobility

 Food preparation  Lightning  Access to work
 Food preservation  Security  Access education
 Heating  Access to amenities like
 Cooling places of worship, shops,
hospitals.
 Ventilation
 Access to tourism spots

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 28

Energy needs for Industrial (production) sector

Process needs Environmental needs Raw material needs

 Steam production  Security  Production of chemicals

 Transportation  Heating/cooling  Nitrogen production
 Furnaces functioning  Ventilation  Production of petrochemical bases
 Chemical conversions  Lightning

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 29

Challenges of current practices
There are serious challenges in the energy sector. The global economy is set to grow four-fold between
now and 2050 and growth could approach ten-fold in developing countries like China and India. This
promises economic benefits and huge improvements in people’s standards of living, but also involves
much more use of energy.
Unsustainable pressure on natural resources and on the environment is inevitable if energy demand
is not separated from economic growth and fossil fuel demand reduced.
“business-as-usual” Baseline scenario foreshadow a 70% increase in oil demand by 2050 and a
130% rise in CO2 emissions. That is, in the absence of policy change and major supply constraints.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a rise in CO 2 emissions of such
magnitude could raise global average temperatures by 6°C, perhaps more.
The consequences would be significant change in all aspects of life and irreversible change in the
natural environment.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 30

Challenges of current practices

Energy prices are increased due to

Uncertainty
Demand supply gap
Geopolitical conflicts like Russia Ukraine war.
Increase in gas and coal prices.
Climate change increases the probability of extreme
weather events, which create market shocks and
eventually result in higher energy prices.

0 /41/ /2220/ X
3 20X2 5 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 31
Challenges of current practices
Some more challenges of current practices
Unused renewable options.
Energy waste
Distribution losses

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 32

Future of Energy
A global revolution is needed in ways that energy is supplied and used. Far greater energy efficiency is a
core requirement. Renewables, nuclear power, and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) must be deployed on a
massive scale, and carbon-free transport developed. A dramatic shift is needed in government policies,
notably creating a higher level of long-term policy certainty over future demand for low carbon
technologies, upon which industry’s decision makers can rely. Unprecedented levels of co-operation
among all major economies will also be crucial, bearing in mind that less than one-third of “business-as-
usual” global emissions in 2050 are expected to stem from OECD countries. In short, the global energy
economy will need to be transformed over the coming decades.

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 33

Thank you

3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 34