Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
• Synthesis= the process of building or
making
• DNA= (deoxyribonucleic acid) the genetic
code or instructions for the cell
• RNA= ribonucleic acid
• Amino Acids= building blocks of proteins
DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Sugar=deoxyribose Sugar= ribose
Contains 1 more H atom
than deoxyribose
Double stranded Single stranded- a single
strand of nucleotides
Nitrogen bases: ATCG Nitrogen bases: AUCG
U=Uracil
http://
images2.clini
caltools.com/
images/
gene/
dna_versus_r
na_reversed.j
pg http://
www.princeton.edu/
STEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION= making RNA
Location: Eukaryotes-nucleus
Prokaryotes-cytoplasm
• 1. RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s
promoter
• 2. The two DNA strands unwind and
separate.
• 3. Complementary nucleotides are added
using the base pairing rules EXCEPT:
• A=U
• The rest are the same C=G, T=A, G=C
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/mcgo4s0/public_html/t3/mRNA%20to%20protein.gif
• 1. Messenger RNA= mRNA is a form of RNA
that carries the instructions for making the protein
from a gene and delivers it to the site of
translation.
• Codon= three nucleotide sequence
• Transfer RNA= tRNA single strands of RNA
that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one
end and has an anticodon
• Anticodon-a 3 nucleotide sequence that is
complementary to an mRNA codon
• Ribosomal RNA= rRNA- a part of the structure
of ribosomes
Codon and Anticodon
• Codon-found on mRNA Anticodon-found on tRNA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://
www.obgynacademy.com/basicsciences/fetology/genetics/
images/codon_GCA.gif&imgrefurl=http://
www.obgynacademy.com/basicsciences/fetology/genetics/
&usg=__4MvAO2N3sXbERXQwODVDSqtsOjM=&h=160&w
=168&sz=4&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=toyuIN8drVBr4M:&tbnh=
94&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcodon%26gbv
%3D2%26hl%3Den
http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/
Articleimages/kaiser/tRNA_arg.jpg
STEP 2-TRANSLATION-
Assembling proteins- in the cytoplasm
• mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
• tRNA molecules with the complementary
anticodon and a specific amino acid arrives at the
ribosome where the mRNA is waiting.
• Peptide bond forms between amino acids
• tRNA molecule leaves and a new one comes with
another amino acid.
• Amino acids continue to attach together until the
stop codon and a protein is formed
SUMMARY
• Transcription= process of making RNA
from DNA
• Translation= RNA directions are used to
make a protein from amino acids
• DNARNA Protein
• Transcription Translation
nucleus Cytoplasm on
ribosome
DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Sugar=deoxyribose Sugar= ribose
Contains 1 more H atom
than deoxyribose
Double stranded Single stranded- a single
strand of nucleotides
Nitrogen bases: ATCG Nitrogen bases: AUCG
U=Uracil
Video Clips
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvYEq
Gb7XN8&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uR
b1D38&feature=related
DNA Replication RNA Transcription
DNA polymerase is used. RNA polymerase is used.
DNA nucleotides are RNA nucleotides are
linked. linked.
A DNA molecule is An RNA molecule is
made. made.
Both DNA strands serve Only one part of one
as templates. strand of DNA ( a gene)
is used as a template.
Explain the steps in protein
synthesis.
http://stemcells.nih.gov/
info/scireport/images/
figurea6.jpg
