KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING

COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY
 FACILITATOR

MUGAMBI MBAABU
LECTURER-KMTC MERU CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
 MOTIVATION

Objectives
Define motivation
 what are the types of motives
 What are the theories of motivation
Motivation is the reason for peoples actions, desire and needs.
It is what directs behavior or what causes a person to want to
repeat behavior. Motive comes from that ‘which moves’.
A motive may be defined as a readiness or disposition to
respond in some ways and not others to a variety of situation.
Hence a motive is considered to be an energetic force or
tendency working within the individual to compel him or her
Types of motives

 1. physiological/primary motives
 2.social or secondary motives
 3.personal motives
 4.unconcious motives
PRIMARY MOTIVES

 Primary motives are also called biological or organic motives,

these include, hunger, sex, thirst, the need for oxygen, rest,
sleep, pain relief, need for waste elimination
Social or secondary motives

Human beings are not only biological but also social, hence our
behavior is activated by social
 motives such as ,affiliation motives, need for status, power
motives, and social approval. These motives develop through
relationship with people.
 Affiliation is need for company, we all resent loneliness, life
pleasures cant be enjoyed alone. Even simple routines like
eating and drinking require company.
 The need to be with other people is referred to as affiliation
need. This need is revealed though sociability, group
membership and friendship.
 Also the need to rely on others is called dependency motive.
 Need for status-everyone has a desire to have some standing
in the society or group. Nobody likes to be considered
inferior.
 Power motive
 Social approval
 Personal motives
The motives are allied with physiological needs and common
social motives, but they are so individualized that they are no
longer common
These are our wants and aspirations which are not shared
commonly with others need for achievement, vocational
ambitions and life goals, specific interests, habits and attitudes.
 Levels of aspiration, curiosity and fear are our personal
motives.
 -need for achievement-this is towards a certain standard of
excellence low achievers tend to avoid failure.
 High achievers challenge, failures and work harder, while low
achievers accept failure and go for less difficult task.
 Vocational ambitions and life goals-these desires are common
to many other, but there is something unique about each ones
desires
 Levels of aspiration-this is the degree of aspiration that one
has. How much do you expect to accomplish or achieve.in
general people tend to set their goals slightly higher than the
levels thy are sure of attaining.
 Force of habit, a habit which
has been formed acts as a drives and compels us to continue the
accustomed ways of doing things.
 Habits once formed persist and influence our behavior
greatly.
 Interests and attitude-the interests we have developed and
the attitudes we have formed colour our everyday behavior in
many ways.
 Curiosity-this is a motive ,which is close to exploration-which
aids the satisfaction of curiosity. The extent of mans
knowledge and experience widens s a result of this drive.
Unconscious motives
These are motives which we are
not aware of. They maybe inform
of our repressed desires or wishes or
complexes.
 They determine our irrational fears or phobias, our eccentric
likes an dislikes, our chronic headaches and gastric troubles
(for which we have no organic causes.) and our neuroses and
insanities.
 Theories of motivation

 The complexity of motivation has resulted in variety of

different theories explanation.
All these approaches tend to focus on the biological ,cognitive
and social factors but in different degrees. All these seek to
explain the energy that guides behavior in a particular direction.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

 Proposed by Abraham Maslow.

 Suggests that motivation results from fulfilling five basic needs
arranged in a hierarchy: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and
self-actualization248.
 Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs
become motivating factors.
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

 Developed by Frederick Herzberg.

 Divides motivational factors into:
 Hygiene factors (e.g., salary, job security) that prevent dissatisfaction but
do not motivate.
 Motivators (e.g., achievement, recognition) that truly drive satisfaction and
motivation
McClelland’s Theory of Needs

 Developed by David McClelland.

 Identifies three key motivators: achievement, affiliation, and power.
 Each person is primarily driven by one of these needs, shaped by
their life experiences.
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
 Developed by Victor Vroom.
 States that motivation is determined by an individual’s belief that
effort will lead to performance, and performance will lead to desired
outcomes.
Goal-Setting Theory

• Proposed by Edwin Locke.

• Emphasizes that setting specific, challenging goals and receiving
feedback increases motivation and performance.
 Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
• Developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan.
• Argues that people are motivated by a need for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness, and that intrinsic motivation is
enhanced when these needs are met
 1.instinct approach theory
These are the inborn patterns of behavior
that are biologically determined rather than
learned.
The theory assumes that people and
animals related
They are born with programed sets of behavior that are
essential to their survival.
 Instincts provide energy that channel behavior in the right
direction. Instincts include love, shame,fear, anger
 For example sex is an instinct for reproduction.
 Exploratory behavior may explain the instinctual need to
understands
ones environment.
 Instinctive behavior is found to have three aspects:
 cognitive(knowing),affective(feeling),conative
(acting, or doing) Psychologists do not explain every behavior
though.
drive reduction theory-

 Drive reduction theory was pioneered by American

psychologist Clark Hull(1943).

 This theory suggests that when people lack

certain basic biological requirements(needs) such as water and
food a drive to obtain the requirement builds up.
 Such a drive directs behavior in such a way that needs will be
Achieved thereby reducing the drive.(the force that energizes
behavior intended to fulfill some need.
 There two categories of needs i.e. primary
(food, water, air, sex, pain avoidance) deprivation in these needs
tens to result in a drive which energizes the organisms activity.
 These are not related to any biological need. They result from
experience or learning and are therefore not basic to the
survival f the organism.
secondary needs
They have achieved their motivational characteristics because of
their association with primary needs. For example with money
you can food, get shelter and have clean water.
 Students to read about
1.cognitive theory
2.aorusal theory
3.incentive theory
Arousal theory of motivation

 The arousal theory of motivation is a psychological concept

that explains how individuals are driven to engage in
behaviors based on their levels of arousal or stimulation.
 This theory posits that people strive to maintain an optimal
level of arousal, which can vary from person to person, and
that both low and high levels of arousal can lead to
unproductive behaviors.
Key concepts of arousal theory

 Optimal Arousal: Individuals have a unique optimal level of

arousal that they seek to maintain.
 When arousal levels are too low, individuals may feel bored
and seek stimulating activities to increase arousal.
 Conversely, when arousal levels are too high, individuals may
experience anxiety or overwhelm, prompting them to engage
in calming activities
Yerkes-Dodson Law:
 This law illustrates the relationship between arousal and
performance, suggesting that moderate levels of arousal lead
to optimal performance.
 Performance tends to decline when arousal is either too low
(leading to boredom) or too high (leading to stress)
Behavioral Implications:
People engage in various activities to adjust their arousal levels.
For example, someone feeling bored might seek out an exciting
experience like skydiving, while someone feeling overstimulated
might choose to relax with meditation or listening to music.
 The theory emphasizes that motivation is closely linked to the
physiological state of arousal, which influences how
individuals approach tasks and challenges
Real life applications

 Everyday Life: The arousal theory can be observed in daily

activities where individuals seek balance; for instance,
students may feel overwhelmed during exam periods but seek
stimulation through social activities afterward.
 Workplace Motivation: Understanding employees' optimal
arousal levels can help managers create environments that
enhance motivation and productivity by balancing challenges
and support
 In summary, the arousal theory of motivation highlights the
importance of maintaining an optimal level of physiological
and psychological stimulation for effective functioning and
motivation. By understanding this balance, individuals can
better navigate their behaviors and choices
Cognitive theory of motivation

 The cognitive theory of motivation focuses on the mental

processes that influence an individual's motivation to act. It
emphasizes how thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions shape
behavior and drive individuals toward achieving their goals.
Here are key components of this theory
 key concepts

Cognitive Dissonance:
 This concept refers to the discomfort experienced when an
individual holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes, or when their
behavior contradicts their values. To alleviate this discomfort,
individuals may change their beliefs or rationalize their
actions, thereby influencing their motivation
Expectancy Theory:
 Developed by Victor Vroom, this theory posits that motivation
is based on the expectation that certain actions will lead to
desired outcomes. It includes three key
components:Expectancy: The belief that effort will lead to
performance.
 Instrumentality: The belief that performance will lead to a
specific outcome.
 Valence: The value an individual places on the expected
outcome.
Attribution Theory:
 This theory examines how individuals interpret events and
how this interpretation affects their motivation. People
attribute successes or failures to internal factors (like ability)
or external factors (like luck), which can influence their
future motivation and behavior
Self-Determination Theory:
 This theory highlights the role of intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation in driving behavior. It posits that people are most
motivated when they feel autonomous, competent, and
connected to others
Goal Setting:
 Cognitive theories emphasize the importance of setting
specific, challenging goals as a means of enhancing
motivation. Goals provide direction and purpose, leading
individuals to exert effort toward achieving them
 Applications

 Education: Understanding cognitive processes can help

educators design curricula that enhance student motivation
by incorporating goal-setting and self-efficacy strategies.
 Workplace: Employers can use cognitive theories to create
motivational strategies that align with employees'
expectations and perceptions of rewards.
 In summary, the cognitive theory of motivation provides a
framework for understanding how mental processes influence
behavior and motivation. By focusing on thoughts, beliefs,
and perceptions, this theory offers insights into why
individuals engage in certain behaviors and how they can be
motivated effectively
 Incentive theory

 Incentive theory of motivation suggests that human behavior

is primarily driven by external rewards or incentives.
This theory posits that individuals are motivated to engage in
certain actions to achieve desirable outcomes or avoid
negative consequences
 Incentive theory of motivation suggests that human behavior
is primarily driven by external rewards or incentives.
 This theory posits that individuals are motivated to engage in
certain actions to achieve desirable outcomes or avoid
negative consequences
External Motivation:
 Unlike intrinsic motivation, which comes from within (such as
personal satisfaction), incentive theory emphasizes the role of
external factors in motivating behavior.
 These factors can include rewards like money, recognition, or
praise, as well as punishments like criticism or loss of
privileges
Types of Incentives:
 Positive Incentives: Rewards that encourage behavior. For
example, a student may study hard for good grades or a
bonus at work.
Negative Incentives:
 Consequences that discourage undesirable behavior. For
instance, a student might avoid failing grades by completing
assignments on time
Behavioral Influence:
 The theory aligns with principles of operant conditioning,
where behaviors are learned based on the reinforcement
received. Individuals are likely to repeat actions that lead to
positive outcomes and avoid those that lead to negative
results.
Rational Decision-Making:
 Incentive theory assumes that individuals act as rational
actors who weigh the potential benefits and drawbacks of
their actions.
 They are more likely to engage in behaviors that they believe
will yield favorable results
Applications of Incentive Theory

 Education: Teachers often use incentives like praise or rewards to

motivate students to perform well academically.
 Business: Companies implement incentive programs, such as bonuses
and promotions, to enhance employee productivity and morale.
 Marketing: Marketers use incentives like discounts and loyalty
programs to encourage consumer purchases
Limitations

 While incentive theory offers valuable insights into

motivation, it has some limitations:
 Overemphasis on External Factors: It may neglect the role of
internal motivations and personal values in driving behavior.
 Variability in Effectiveness: Not all individuals respond
similarly to incentives; what motivates one person may not
motivate another.
 Complexity of Human Behavior: Human motivations are
influenced by a myriad of factors beyond just incentives,
including emotions, social dynamics, and individual
experiences.
 In summary, incentive theory provides a framework for
understanding how external rewards and punishments shape
human behavior and motivation.
 It highlights the importance of incentives in various contexts
such as education, business, and marketing while
acknowledging its limitations in addressing the complexity of
human motivation
ABRAHAM MASLOWS HEIRACHY
OF NEEDS
 Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, introduced in 1943,
is best known for its hierarchy of needs, which is often
illustrated as a pyramid.

 This model categorizes human needs into five levels, where

lower-level needs must be satisfied before individuals can
address higher-level needs.

 The hierarchy is divided into two main categories: deficiency

needs and growth needs
Circle of Seven Essential Needs"

 The "Circle of Seven Essential Needs" is not a widely recognized term

in mainstream psychology or in Maslow’s original writings.
 However, it appears in some academic discussions as an
interpretation or extension of Maslow’s hierarchy, grouping human
needs into seven essential categories.
 This framework is based on Maslow’s expanded hierarchy, which goes
beyond his original five-stage model
According to the available source, the Circle of Seven Essential Needs includes:
1. – Basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.
2. – Security, stability, and protection from harm (e.g., job security, safe environments).
3. – Friendship, intimacy, family, and social connections.
4. – Respect, self-esteem, recognition, and achievement.
5. – The need for knowledge, understanding, and mental stimulation.
6. – Appreciation for beauty, balance, and form in one’s surroundings.
7. – Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth and peak
experiences
Levels of the Hierarchy

Physiological Needs: These are the most basic human

requirements essential for survival, including: Breathing
 Food
 Water
 Sleep
 Shelter
 Sex
 If these needs are unmet, the human body cannot function
properly, leading to significant distress and dysfunction
Safety Needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals
seek safety and security. This includes: Personal security
 Financial security
 Health and well-being
 Protection from accidents and illness
 A lack of safety can lead to anxiety and stress
Love and Belongingness Needs: This level emphasizes the
importance of interpersonal relationships. Individuals seek:
Friendships
 Family connections
 Intimacy and affection
 A sense of belonging is crucial for emotional health; without
it, individuals may feel isolated and lonely
Esteem Needs: At this stage, individuals focus on self-esteem
and the esteem from others. Esteem needs include: Recognition
 Status
 Respect from peers
 Self-respect
 Fulfilling these needs leads to feelings of accomplishment and
self-worth
Self-Actualization: This is the highest level in Maslow's
hierarchy, representing the desire to realize one's full potential.
It involves: Personal growth
 Pursuit of creativity
 Achieving personal goals
 Self-actualization is about becoming what one is capable of
becoming, often described as the fulfillment of personal
potential
Key Concepts in Maslow's Theory
 Deficiency Needs vs. Growth Needs: Deficiency needs (physiological,
safety, love/belonging, esteem) must be satisfied before growth
needs (self-actualization) become motivating factors. Unmet
deficiency needs result in motivation to fulfill them, while satisfied
needs do not motivate behavior.
 Meta Motivation: Maslow introduced the concept of 'meta
motivation,' which refers to the motivation that drives individuals to
pursue self-actualization beyond basic needs.
 Peak Experiences: These are moments of intense joy or fulfillment
that can occur when individuals reach their self-actualization
potential. Such experiences can motivate further growth and
achievement
Conclusion
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs provides a framework for understanding
human motivation by illustrating how various needs influence
behavior and personal development. By recognizing that individuals
are motivated by a structured set of needs, this theory has significant
implications for psychology, education, management, and personal
growth strategies