CE 401: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
MODULE 2
TENSION MEMBERS
Prepared by:
Bismi M Buhari
Assistant Professor
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Syllabus
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STEEL IN TENSION
Excellent in Tension (and compression)
Very ductile (highly desirable structural
property for stress redistribution and safety)
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TENSION MEMBERS
A tension member is defined as “ a structural
member subjected to tensile force in the
direction parallel to its longitudinal axis”
When a tension member is subjected to axial
tensile force then stress distribution across the
section is uniform
So tensile member subjected to axial tensile
force is said to be efficient and economic
section.
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Typical tension
members
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Types of tension members
(i) Wires and cables: it include wire used for cables in
suspension bridges, host guy wires etc.
(ii) Rods and bars : used in case of small tension members.
(iii) Single structural shapes and plates: it include single
structural setion such as angle, tee,I section etc.
(iv) Built up sections: 2 or more than 2 structural sections
are used.
*used when single section furnish required area
*more rigid and stiff than single section
*moment of inertia is increased
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Types of tension members
IS 800:2007 describes Tension members in Cl. 6.1 as linear members
in which axial forces act to cause elongation(stretch).
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Net sectional area
• It is the gross sectional area minus maximum
deduction of holes
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Net sectional area
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Net effectives section for angles and Tees
• Angle section connected with
gusset plate by one leg and Tee
section with gusset plate by flange,
• In such cases bolt connecting
tension member and gusset plate do
not lie on the action of load.
• Due to this eccentric connection the distribution of stress become
non uniform
• So the net sectional area of an angle or tee member is reduced to
account of this non distribution of stress
• The reduced sectional area of such section is called net effective
area
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Net effectives section for angles and Tees
• In case of single angle connected to one leg
Anet= A1+A2K
A1- effective cross sectional area of the connected leg
A2- gross cross sectional area of connected leg
k= 3A1/(3A1+A2)
• In case of pair of angles back to back or tee to the same
side of gusset
Anet= A1+A2K
A1- effective cross sectional area of the connected leg
A2- gross cross sectional area of connected leg
k= 5A1/(5A1+A2)
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Net effectives section for angles and Tees
• In case of sdouble angle or tee placed
back to back
Anet= A gross- A hole
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Net effectives section for angles and tees
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Net effectives section for angles and tees
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Net effectives section for angles and tees
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Failure of tension member
• Failure due to gross yielding:
limiting the capacity to yield prevents very large
deformations (before strain hardening kicks in)
• Failure due to net section facture:
Localized yielding and strain hardening is permitted
Ultimate stress is the limit for the local c/s in the
connection zone
• Failure due Block shear:
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1.Failure due to gross yielding
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2. Failure due to net section facture
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2. Failure due to net section facture
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3. Failure due Block shear
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3. Failure due Block shear
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3. Failure due Block shear
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LUG ANGLES
• In order to increase the efficiency of the outstanding
leg in single angles and to decrease the length of the
end connections, some times a short length angle at
the ends are connected to the gusset and the
outstanding leg of the main angle directly. Such
angles are referred to as lug angles.
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LUG ANGLES
Lug angle is small piece of angle used to
connect outstand legs of the members to the
gusset plate.
The purpose of lug angle is to reduce the
length of connection to the gusset plate and
to reduce shear lag effect.
If lug angle is used then the unconnected
length of main angle behave like a
connected leg and entire cross section area
of the angle become effective in resisting
tension. So if lug angle is used, then
efficiency of the tension member increases
because it reduces shear lag effect.
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LUG ANGLES
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
• The non uniform stress distribution that occurs
in a tension embers adjacent to a connection,
in which all elements of the cross section are
not directly connected, is commonly referred
as shear lag effect.
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
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SHEAR LAG EFFECT
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