TCP/IP Protocol Suite
These slides are partially based on slides assembled by B. A. Forouzan, with grateful acknowledgement of the many others who made their course materials freely available online.
OSI Vs DoD Model
Outline
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP reference model was
developed prior to OSI model. The major
Design design goals-
1. To connect multiple networks
Goals together so that they appear as a single
network.
of 2. To survive after partial subnet
hardware failures.
TCP/IP 3. To provide a flexible architecture
Protocol and Its
Elements
It is a set of rules that govern data communication.
Define What, How and When in terms of data communication
Structure or format of the data
Syntax Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Semantics Knows which fields define what action
When data should be sent
Timing Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for
the Internet and other similar networks.
• Named from two of the most important protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• TCP/IP originated out of the investigative research into networking protocols that the Department of Defense
(DoD) initiated in 1969.
• In 1968, the DoD Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) began researching the network technology that is
now called packet switching.
• The network that was initially constructed as a result of this research, then called ARPANET, gradually became
known as the Internet.
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
SUITE
• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
do not exactly match those in the OSI
model.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as having four layers:
• Host-to-network/Network access
• Internet
• Transport
• Application.
TCP/IP vs
OSI
Physical + Data Link Layer
The design of TCP/IP hides the function of this layer from
users--it is concerned with getting data across a specific type
of physical network (i.e., Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.).
The functions are
Encapsulating the IP datagrams into frames
Maps the IP addresses to the physical addresses.
Network Layer
• Responsible for routing messages through internetworks.
• Two types of devices; gateway and router, are responsible for routing
messages between networks.
• The internetwork layer protocols provide a datagram network service.
Datagrams comprise of a header, data, and a trailer.
• Network layer protocols package the message in a datagram and send
it off.
• A datagram service does not support session or connection. Once a
message is sent or received, the service retains no memory of the
entity with which it was communicating.
Transport/
Host-to-Host Layer
It is responsible for providing end-to-end data integrity and
provides a highly reliable communication service for entities that
want to carry out an extended two-way conversation.
It uses open and close commands to initiate and terminate the
connection.
This layer accepts information to be transmitted as a stream of
characters, and it returns information to the recipient as a stream.
The service employs the concept of a connection (or virtual circuit).
Application Layer
This layer provides functions for users or their programs, and it is highly specific to
the application being performed.
This layer includes all applications protocols that use the host-to-host transport
protocols to deliver data.
Other functions that process user data, such as data encryption and decryption and
compression and decompression, can also reside at the application layer.
The application layer also manages the sessions (connections) between cooperating
applications.
Instead of using the term "session," TCP/IP uses the terms "socket" and "port" to
describe the path (or virtual circuit) over which cooperating applications
communicate.
TCP/IP
Reference
Example
(Layers)
Protocols in TCP/IP Model
IP- Internet Protocol
ARP- Address Resolution Protocol
RARP- Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
ICMP- Internet Control Management Protocol
IGMP- Internet Group Management Protocol
SCTP- Stream Control Transmission Protocol
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
UDP- User Datagram Protocol
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP- File Transfer Protocol
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
DNS- Domain Name System
SNMP- Simple Network Management Protocol
