Fabrication of anode material for Sodium Ion Battery

Presented By:- Manisha Singh (24CH60R34)

Guide:- Prof. Sudipto Chakraborty
MTP-1
Department Of Chemical Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
Content

1. Introduction
2. Rechargeable batteries
3. Na-ion over Li-ion battery
4. Comparison of Lithium and Sodium Properties
5. Electrode Material for sodium ion battery
6. Literature review
7. Future scope
Introduction
• The demand for energy is increases
continuously
Non-Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Sources Sources

Fossil fuels (oil, coal, Solar energy, Wind

gas) energy
Limited and depleting Sustainable and eco-
friendly

Cause pollution, climate Not always available,

change, and intermittent
environmental damage

Contribute to global Require energy storage

warming devices to use
effectively
Fig 1- Global energy demand [1]
Rechargeable battery
Rechargeable battery store and release
energy efficiently
• Secondary batteries have high energy
density.
• They offer flexibility in usage.
• They provide greater conversion
efficiency.
• Used in electronics, electric vehicles,
and renewable energy storage

Fig 2- Diagram of SIB [2]

 Secondary Batteries
Types Cathode Anode Electrolyte Energy Challenges
(+ve) (-ve) Density
(Wh/kg)
Lead-Acid lead dioxide lead (Pb) Sulfuric acid 30-50 • Heavy
Battery (PbO₂) (H₂SO₄) • Short lifespan

Nickel– Nickel Cadmium (Cd) Potassium 40-60 • Cadmium

Cadmium hydroxide Hydroxide Hazardous to
battery (Ni(OH)₃) (KOH) environment

Lithium-ion Lithium metal Graphite (C) Lithium salt in 150-250 • Limited

Battery oxide (e.g., organic solvent • High cost
LiCoO₂, (e.g., LiPF₆) • Temperature
LiFePO₄) sensitive
Na–ion Batteries Over Li-ion
Li-ion battery
• Limited availability of lithium

• Expensive
• Only few country has lithium source
• Low recycling rate– only 1% of lithium is
Fig 3- Reserves and production scenario of lithium metal [3]
recycled
Na-ion Battery
• Abundant and affordable – sodium is cheaper
and more common.
• Low-cost materials – sodium and aluminum
reduce costs
• Lower production cost
• Eco-friendly
Fig 4-Cost reduction estimation which motivates towards developing SIBs [4]
Comparison of Lithium and Sodium properties
• Sodium exhibits same chemistry as lithium ( both are alkali metals)

Characteristics Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na)

Ionic radius 0.76 Ao 1.02 Ao

Atomic mass 6.94 23

Theoretical Capacity 3829 mAh/g 1165 mAh/g

Standard Electrode -3.04 V -2.71 V

Potential

Availability Limited places Everywhere

 Anode materials for SIBs
TYPES ANODE MATERIALS

1.Intercalation reaction type Carbon based materials:

• Graphite
• Hard carbon
• Carbon Nanomaterials- CNTs, CNFs

2.Conversion reaction type • Metal oxides- Fe2O3, TiO2

• Metal sulfides- SnS, MoS2
• Metal phosphides – FeP, Sn4P3

3.Alloying type • Tin (Sn)

• Antimony (Sb)
• Phosphorous (P)
 Cathode material for SIBs
Material Type Examples Characteristics

1.Layered Na Transition Metal NaCoO2, NaFeO2, NaMnO2 • High capacity

Oxides • Good cycling stability
• Sensitive to moisture

2.Polyanionic Compounds NaFePO4, NaMnPO4 • Stable structure

• Good thermal stability
• Low conductivity

3.Prussian Blue Analogues Na2Mn2+ [Mn2+(CN)] • High ion insertion/extraction

(PBAs) • Structural instability in some
forms
 Literature Review
Sr Year Author Title Outcomes
no.

1. 2023 Abhimanyu A review on anode materials Advancements in anode materials for LIBs/SIBs focus
Kumar Prajapati for lithium/sodium-ion on improving nanostructures and using carbon
et al. batteries composites to enhance capacity, stability, and
conductivity, aiming for better performance and
longevity.

2. 2019 Tahira Perveen et Prospects in anode materials High-capacity anode materials for sodium-ion batteries
al. for sodium ion batteries - A face challenges like volume expansion and efficiency.
review Morphology engineering and carbon incorporation
show potential. Further research is needed to improve
thermal and electrochemical stability.
Contd...
Sr no. Year Author Title Outcomes

3. 2018 Yaru Liang et al. Nanocomposite Materials for Nanocomposites, both carbon-based (e.g., CNT,
the Sodium–Ion Battery: rGO) and non-carbon-based (e.g., metal oxides),
A Review enhance NIB anode performance by improving
conductivity and controlling volume expansion

4. 2016 Wei Luo et al. Na-Ion Battery Anodes: Advancements in carbon-based and alloy-based
Materials and Electrochemistry anodes for NIBs focus on enhancing hard carbon
anodes for better FCCE and increasing capacity via
mechanical ball milling. Hard carbon is ideal for
mass production
Future Scope
• Fabrication of anode material for sodium-ion batteries

• Evaluation of anode performance using various electrolytes

• Half-cell coin assembly and optimization of electrochemical testing

References
Sr no References

[1] Suman Bajracharya Microbial Electrosynthesis of Biochemicals Innovations on biocatalysts, electrodes and ion-exchange
for CO2 supply, chemicals production and separation 184 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/385426

[2] Tahira Perveen a, b, Muhammad Siddiq a, Nadia Shahzad c, Rida Ihsan a, Abrar Ahmad d,
Muhammad Imran Shahzad b Prospects in anode materials for sodium ion batteries - A review ,Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews,1364-0321/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109549

[3] Tahira Perveen a, b, Muhammad Siddiq a, Nadia Shahzad c, Rida Ihsan a, Abrar Ahmad d,
Muhammad Imran Shahzad b Prospects in anode materials for sodium ion batteries - A review ,Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews,1364-0321/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109549

[4] Abhimanyu Kumar Prajapati, Ashish Bhatnagar, Department of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Jaypee
Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, India,2095-4956/ 2023 Science Press and Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.04.043

[5] Yaru Liang, Wei-Hong Lai, Zongcheng Miao, and Shu-Lei Chou, Nanocomposite Materials for the Sodium–Ion Battery:
A Review, Small 2018, 14, 1702514 10.1002/smll.201702514

[6] Wei Luo,†,‡ Fei Shen,† Clement Bommier,§ Hongli Zhu,† Xiulei Ji,*,§ and Liangbing Hu*,†,Na-Ion Battery Anodes:
Materials and Electrochemistry, Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 231−240 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00482