Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud Deployment Models

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Public Cloud
• Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services
over the internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-
go billing models.

• They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a

good option for handling peak loads on the local infrastructure.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Public Cloud
• Public clouds are the go-to option for small enterprises, which are able to
start their businesses without large upfront investments by completely
relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs.

• The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy.

• A public cloud is meant to serve multiple users, not a single customer.

• A user requires a virtual computing environment that is separated, and

most likely isolated, from other users.
 When to use the public cloud
• The public cloud is most suitable for these
types of environments:
• Predictable computing needs, such as communication
services for a specific number of users
• Apps and services necessary to perform IT and business
operations
• Additional resource requirements to address
varying peak demands
• Software development and test environments

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Advantages of public cloud
• People appreciate these public cloud benefits:
1. No CapEx.
2. Technical agility.
3. Business focus.
4. Affordability.
5. Cost agility.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Drawbacks of public cloud

• The public cloud does come with limitations:

1. Lack of cost control.
2. Lack of security.
3. Minimal technical control.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Example:
Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google
App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
 What is the private cloud?
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate
cloud.
• It is used by organizations to build and manage their own
data centers internally or by the third party.
• It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack
and Eucalyptus.
• private cloud divided into the following two parts-
• On-premise private cloud
• Outsourced private cloud

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 When to use the private cloud
• The private cloud is best suited for:
1. Highly regulated industries and government agencies
2. Sensitive data
3. Companies that require strong control and security over their IT workloads
and the underlying infrastructure
4. Large enterprises that require advanced data center technologies to operate
efficiently and cost-effectively
5. Organizations that can afford to invest in high performance and availability
technologies

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Advantages of private cloud
• The most popular benefits of private cloud include:
1. Exclusive environments.
2. Custom security.
3. Scalability without tradeoffs.
4. Efficient performance.
5. Flexibility.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Drawbacks of private cloud
• The private cloud has drawbacks that might limit use
cases:
• Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
• Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations
is limited.
• Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base,
and organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient
manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 What is hybrid cloud?
• A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining facilities
of public cloud and private cloud.
• For this reason, they are also called heterogeneous clouds.
• A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to scale on-demand and
efficiently address peak loads.
• Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a hybrid cloud takes advantage of both public
and private clouds.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 When to use the hybrid cloud
• hybrid cloud might suit best:
– Organizations serving multiple verticals facing different IT security,
regulatory, and performance requirements
– Optimizing cloud investments without compromising on the value that
public or private cloud technologies can deliver
– Improving security on existing cloud solutions such as SaaS offerings
that must be delivered via secure private networks
– Strategically approaching cloud investments to continuously switch
and tradeoff between the best cloud service delivery model available in
the market

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Advantages of hybrid cloud
• Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than
the public cloud.

• Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.

• Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.

• Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and
secure resources because of the private cloud.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 Drawbacks of hybrid cloud
• Common drawbacks of the hybrid cloud include:

• In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

• Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage

more than one type of deployment model.

• In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud

service providers.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 What is Community cloud ?
• Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the
services of different clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a
community, or a business sector.
• In the community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between organizations
that have shared concerns or tasks.
• The cloud may be managed by an organization or a third party.
Sectors that use community clouds are:
1. Media industry:
Media companies are looking for quick, simple, low-cost ways for increasing the
efficiency of content generation. Most media productions involve an extended
ecosystem of partners. In particular, the creation of digital content is the outcome
of a collaborative process that includes the movement of large data, massive
compute-intensive rendering tasks, and complex workflow executions.
2. Healthcare industry:
In the healthcare industry community clouds are used to share information and
knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the private infrastructure.
3. Energy and core industry:
In these sectors, the community cloud is used to cluster a set of solution which
collectively addresses management, deployment, and orchestration of services and
operations.
4. Scientific research:
In this organization with common interests in science share a large distributed
infrastructure for scientific computing.
 Advantages of Community Cloud
• There are the following advantages of
Community Cloud -
1. Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is
being shared by several organizations or communities.
2. Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to
have a collaborative cloud with more security features than the
public cloud.
3. It provides better security than the public cloud.
4. It provides collaborative and distributive environment.
5. Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.
 Disadvantages of Community Cloud
• Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
• Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
• It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
• The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared
among all community members.
 Which cloud to choose?

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

 The cloud computing reference model

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi

Cloud Computing Architecture
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that
provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.

• It offers essential compute, storage and networking resources on demand,

on a pay-as-you-go basis.

05/25/2025 Prof. Prachi Dalvi


Infrastructure-as-a-Service provides access to fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.


Apart from these resources, the IaaS also offers:

Virtual machine disk storage

Virtual local area network (VLANs)

Load balancers

IP addresses

Software bundles


All of the above resources are made available to end user via server
virtualization.


Moreover, these resources are accessed by the customers as if they own them.
 IaaS provider provides the following
services

Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing
units and virtual main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the
end- users.

Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.

Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking
components such as routers, switches, and bridges for the Vms.

Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the
infrastructure layer..
 IaaS architecture

In IaaS model, a cloud provider hosts the infrastructure
components that are traditionally present in an on-premises
data centre.

This includes servers, storage and networking hardware,
as well as the virtualization or hypervisor layer.

IaaS providers also supply a range of services to accompany
those infrastructure components.


These can include the following:
detailed billing; load balancing;
monitoring log access;
security clustering
storage resiliency, such as backup, replication and recovery.
 Benefits

IaaS allows the cloud provider to freely locate the
infrastructure over the Internet in a cost-
effective manner.

Some of the key benefits of IaaS are listed below:

Full control of the computing resources through
administrative access to VMs.

Flexible and efficient renting of computer hardware.

Portability, interoperability with legacy applications.
 Full control over computing resources
through administrative access to VMs

IaaS allows the customer to access computing
resources through administrative access to virtual
machines in the following manner:


Customer issues administrative command to cloud provider
to run the virtual machine or to save data on cloud server.


Customer issues administrative command to virtual
machines they owned to start web server or to install new
applications.
 Full control over computing resources
through administrative access to VMs

IaaS allows the customer to access computing
resources through administrative access to
virtual machines in the following manner:


Customer issues administrative command to cloud
provider to run the virtual machine or to save data on
cloud server.


Customer issues administrative command to virtual
machines they owned to start web server or to install new
applications.
 Full control over computing resources
through administrative access to VMs

IaaS allows the customer to access computing
resources through administrative access to
virtual machines in the following manner:


Customer issues administrative command to cloud
provider to run the virtual machine or to save data on
cloud server.


Customer issues administrative command to virtual
machines they owned to start web server or to install new
applications.
 Flexible and efficient renting of
computer hardware

IaaS resources such as virtual machines, storage
devices, bandwidth, IP addresses, monitoring
services, firewalls, etc. are made available to the
customers on rent.

The payment is based upon the amount of time
the customer retains a resource.

Also with administrative access to virtual machines,
the customer can run any software, even a custom
operating system.
Portability, interoperability with legacy
applications

It is possible to maintain legacy between
applications and workloads between IaaS clouds.


For example, network applications such as web
server or e-mail server that normally runs on
customer-owned server hardware can also run from
VMs in IaaS cloud.
Issues
 Compatibility with legacy security
vulnerabilities
• Because IaaS offers the customer to run
legacy software in provider's
infrastructure, it exposes customers to all
of the security vulnerabilities of such
legacy software.
 Virtual Machine sprawl

The VM can become out-of-date with respect to
security updates because IaaS allows the customer to
operate the virtual machines in running, suspended
and off state.


However, the provider can automatically update such
VMs, but this mechanism is hard and complex.
Robustness of VM-level isolation

IaaS offers an isolated environment to
individual customers through hypervisor.


Hypervisor is a software layer that includes
hardware support for virtualization to split a
physical computer into multiple virtual
machines
 Data erase practices


The customer uses virtual machines that in turn
use the common disk resources provided by the
cloud provider.


When the customer releases the resource, the cloud
provider must ensure that next customer to rent the
resource does not observe data residue from previous
customer.
 How does IaaS work?

IaaS customers access resources and services through a wide area
network (WAN), such as the internet, and can use the cloud
provider's services to install the remaining elements of an
application stack.


For example, the user can log in to the IaaS platform to create virtual
machines (VMs); install operating systems in each VM; deploy
middleware, such as databases; create storage buckets for workloads
and backups; and install the enterprise workload into that VM.


Customers can then use the provider's services to track costs,
monitor performance, balance network traffic, troubleshoot
application issues and manage disaster recovery.
 Some important point about IaaS cloud
computing layer

IaaS cloud computing platform cannot replace the traditional hosting method, but it
provides more than that, and each resource which are used are predictable as per the
usage.


IaaS cloud computing platform may not eliminate the need for an in-house IT
department. It will be needed to monitor or control the IaaS setup. IT salary expenditure
might not reduce significantly, but other IT expenses can be reduced.


Breakdowns at the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's can bring your business to
the halt stage.


Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and finances. Make sure
that SLAs (i.e., Service Level Agreement) provide backups for data, hardware,
network, and application failures. Image portability and third-party support is a plus
point.


The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to your sensitive data. So,
engage with credible companies or organizations. Study their security policies and
Top Iaas Providers who are providing
IaaS cloud computing platform
What is PaaS? Platform as a service
• Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model
where a third-party provider delivers hardware and
software tools to users over the internet.

• Usually, these tools are needed for application

development.

• A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its

own infrastructure.

• As a result, PaaS frees developers from having to install

in-house hardware and software to develop or run a
new application.
 Platform as a service
• PaaS has a feature of point-and-click tools that
enables non-developers to create web applications.
 Common PaaS scenarios
• Organisations typically use PaaS for these scenarios:
1. Development framework. PaaS provides a framework that
developers can build upon to develop or customise cloud-based
applications. PaaS lets developers create applications using built-in
software components.
2. Analytics or business intelligence. Tools provided as a service
with PaaS allow organisations to analyse and mine their data,
finding insights and patterns and predicting outcomes to improve
forecasting, product design decisions, investment returns and other
business decisions.
3. Additional services. PaaS providers may offer other services that
enhance applications, such as workflow, directory, security and
scheduling.
Benefits
• Lower administrative overhead: Customer need not
bother about the administration because it is the
responsibility of cloud provider.
• Lower total cost of ownership: Customer need not
purchase expensive hardware, servers, power, and data
storage.
• Scalable solutions: It is very easy to scale the resources up
or down automatically, based on their demand.
• More current system software: It is the responsibility of
the cloud provider to maintain software versions and patch
installations.
 Advantages of PaaS
• Cut coding time. PaaS development tools can cut the time it takes to code new
apps with pre-coded application components built into the platform, such as
workflow, directory services, security features, search and so on.
• Add development capabilities without adding staff. Platform as a Service
components can give your development team new capabilities without your
needing to add staff having the required skills.
• Develop for multiple platforms—including mobile—more easily. Some service
providers give you development options for multiple platforms, such as computers,
mobile devices and browsers making cross-platform apps quicker and easier to
develop.
• Use sophisticated tools affordably. A pay-as-you-go model makes it possible for
individuals or organisations to use sophisticated development software and business
intelligence and analytics tools that they could not afford to purchase outright.
• Support geographically distributed development teams. Because the
development environment is accessed over the Internet, development teams can
work together on projects even when team members are in remote locations.
• Efficiently manage the application lifecycle. PaaS provides all of the capabilities
that you need to support the complete web application lifecycle: building, testing,
deploying, managing and updating within the same integrated environment.
Issues
 Issues
• Lack of portability between PaaS clouds:
– Although standard languages are used, yet the implementations of
platform services may vary. For example, file, queue, or hash table
interfaces of one platform may differ from another, making it
difficult to transfer the workloads from one platform to another.
• Event based processor scheduling
– The PaaS applications are event-oriented which poses resource
constraints on applications, i.e., they have to answer a request in a
given interval of time.
• Security engineering of PaaS applications
– Since PaaS applications are dependent on network, they must
explicitly use cryptography and manage security exposures.
 Characteristics
• Here are the characteristics of PaaS service model:
– PaaS offers browser based development environment. It allows
the developer to create database and edit the application code either
via Application Programming Interface or point-and-click tools.
– PaaS provides built-in security, scalability, and web service
interfaces.
– PaaS provides built-in tools for defining workflow, approval
processes, and business rules.
– It is easy to integrate PaaS with other applications on the same
platform.
– PaaS also provides web services interfaces that allow us to connect
the applications outside the platform.
PaaS Types
 PaaS Types
• Stand-alone development environments
– The stand-alone PaaS works as an independent entity for a specific
function. It does not include licensing or technical dependencies on
specific SaaS applications.
• Application delivery-only environments
– The application delivery PaaS includes on-demand
scaling and application security.
• Open platform as a service
– Open PaaS offers an open source software that helps a PaaS
provider to run applications.
• Add-on development facilities
– The add-on PaaS allows to customize the existing SaaS platform.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution
model in which a cloud provider hosts applications and
makes them available to end users over the internet.

• In this model, an independent software vendor (ISV)

may contract a third-party cloud provider to host the
application. Or, with larger companies, such as
Microsoft, the cloud provider might also be the software
vendor.
 Software as a Service | SaaS
• SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software
distribution model in which services are hosted by a cloud
service provider.
• These services are available to end-users over the internet so,
the end-users do not need to install any software on their
devices to access these services.
 services provided by SaaS providers
• Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various business services to
start-up the business. The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise
Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing,
and sales.
• Document Management - SaaS document management is a software
application offered by a third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and
track electronic documents.
• Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the
general public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their
convenience and handle the general public's information.
• Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-
mail services, many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.
 Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) SaaS is easy to buy

– SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it
allows organizations to access business functionality at a low cost,
which is less than licensed applications.
2. One to Many
– SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single
instance of the application is shared by multiple users.
3. Less hardware required for SaaS
– The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest
in additional hardware.
4. Low maintenance required for SaaS
– Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and
daily maintenance for the organizations.
 Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

5. No special software or hardware versions required

– All users will have the same version of the software and typically access
it through the web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by
outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the IaaS
provider.
6. Multidevice support
– SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops,
laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.
7. API Integration
– SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through
standard APIs.
8. No client-side installation
– SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the
internet connection, so do not need to require any software installation.
 Issues
• There are several issues associated with SaaS,
some of them are listed below:
– Browser based risks
– Network dependence
– Lack of portability between SaaS clouds
Popular SaaS Providers