Data communication and computer networking

Chapter One

Introduction

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Chapter - 1
 Data communications
 Computer network
 Internet
 Protocols and standards
 Network Models

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Data Communications
 Data
 Raw facts presented in
different forms
 Text, numbers, images, audio,
video
 Data communication
 Exchange of data between
two devices
 Via some form of transmission
medium
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Data Communications
Components
 Message
 Sender
 Receiver
 Transmission medium
 Protocol

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Data Communications
 The effectiveness of any data communications
system depends upon the following four
fundamental characteristics
 Delivery :-the data should be delivered to the
correct destination and correct user.
 Accuracy:-The communication system should
deliver the data accurately, without introducing
any errors. The data may get corrupted during
transmission affecting the accuracy of the
delivered data
 Timeliness:- Audio and Video data has to be
delivered in a timely manner without any delay;
such a data delivery is called real time
transmission of data.
 Low Jitter:- It is the variation in the packet
arrival time. Uneven Jitter may affect the
timeliness of data being transmitted.
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 Networks
 Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by
communication links
 Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable
of
sending and/or receiving data
 Criteria for effective and efficient network
 Performance: throughput, Delay
 Reliability : Accuracy of delivery
Frequency of failures
Time to recover from failure
Robustness in catastrophe
 Security : protecting data from
unauthorized access
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Network architectures
 Computer Network Architecture is defined as
the physical and logical design of the
software, hardware, protocols, and media of
the transmission of data.
 Simply we can say that how computers are
organized and how tasks are allocated to the
computer.

 Client-server
 Peer-to-peer (P2P)
 Hybrid of client-server and P2P
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 Networks
Topology
Arrangement of nodes in a
network
How devices are laid out
physically

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 Networks

Categories

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Components of the Network
 Devices (PCs, intermediary devices)
 Media (Cable or wireless)
 Services and processes (Software)

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Intermediary Devices and Their Roles
 Examples:
- Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and
wireless access points)
- Internetworking Devices (routers)
- Communication Servers and Modems
- Security Devices (firewalls)

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 Protocols
 Protocol :
 Communication in networks is governed by
pre-defined rules called protocols.
 A set of rules that govern data communication
 For communication to occur, entities must
agree upon a protocol
 Key elements of a protocol
 Syntax: structure or format of data
 Semantics: meaning of each section in the
structure
 Timing: when and how fast data should be sent

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The Interaction of Protocols

 Application protocol – HTTP: HTTP defines the content and formatting

of the requests and responses exchanged between the client and
server
 Transport Protocol – TCP: TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller
segments. It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate of
message exchange.
 Internetwork Protocol – IP: It encapsulates segments into packets,
assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path to
the destination host.
 Network Access Protocol – Protocols for data link management and the
physical transmission of data on the media.

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Using Layer Models
 To visualize the interaction between various
protocols, it is common to use a layered model
 Benefits of doing so:
- Assists in protocol design, because protocols
that operate at a specific layer have defined
information that they act upon and a defined
interface to the layers above and below.
- Fosters competition because products from
different vendors can work together.
- Prevents technology or capability changes in
one layer from affecting other layers above and
below.
- Provides a common language to describe
networking functions and capabilities.
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 Using Layer Models…
 Two types of networking models
 A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services. A reference model is not
intended to be an implementation specification or to
provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely the
services of the network architecture. The primary
purpose of a reference model is to aid in clearer
understanding of the functions and process involved
Ex: OSI model
 A protocol model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The
hierarchical set of related protocols in a suite typically
represents all the functionality required to interface the
human network with the data network.
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 Ex: TCP/IP model
 Using Layer Models…
 Two types of networking models
 A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services. A reference model is not
intended to be an implementation specification or to
provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely the
services of the network architecture. The primary
purpose of a reference model is to aid in clearer
understanding of the functions and process involved
Ex: OSI model
 A protocol model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The
hierarchical set of related protocols in a suite typically
represents all the functionality required to interface the
human network with the data network.
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 Ex: TCP/IP model
The OSI Reference Model
 ISO
 Established in 1947, is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
 The Open Systems Interconnection
protocols are a family of information
exchange standards developed jointly by
the ISO and the ITU-T. The standardization
process began in 1977
 An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
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The OSI Reference Model
 The OSI reference model
is the primary model for
network
communications.
 Allows you to view the
network functions that
occur at each layer.
 It is a framework that
you can use to
understand how
information travels
throughout a network
 7 layers -- each of which
illustrates a particular
network function.

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Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model
Reference Models

Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication